Somaliland University of Technology

English language learning remains a significant challenge in Somaliland despite years of formal instruction across various educational settings. This study investigates the persistent difficulties experienced by English learners, focusing on students at Moon College, one of the well-known English institutions in Hargeisa. It aims to explore why students continue to struggle with English proficiency even after extended exposure. Using a qualitative research design, the study involved key informant interviews with eight English teachers and four focus group discussions with 24 students. Data were gathered through open-ended questions and analyzed thematically. The findings revealed three main categories of challenges: instructional barriers (such as outdated teaching methods and lack of qualified instructors), environmental factors (including limited English exposure beyond the classroom and weak support at home), and psychological obstacles (low confidence, poor motivation, and cultural reluctance to use English). Students reported difficulties in pronunciation, grammar, listening, and academic writing. Despite these challenges, some learners used platforms like Duolingo, YouTube, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools to improve skills. The study recommends curriculum reform, enhanced teacher development, and integration of technology in instruction.

Introduction Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) remain a persistent public health concern, especially in resource limited settings. The 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak highlighted the need to strengthen laboratory preparedness and diagnostic capacity in endemic areas. In response, a long-term laboratory capacity building program was initiated in Guinea to enhance the country’s ability to timely detect and respond to VHF outbreaks, including Lassa fever. Methods Since 2016, our program has focused on improving infrastructure, training local laboratory personnel, and providing VHF diagnostics support, including Lassa fever. This enabled the setup (Gueckédou), and strengthening of existing capacities (Conakry and N’Zérékoré), creating a network of three VHF diagnostic laboratories in Guinea, two in the Forest region. Molecular testing by RT-PCR (altona Diagnostics), serological assays, and nanopore sequencing (Oxford Nanopore Technologies), were set up. Results Systematic testing enabled the detection of VHFs in Guinea, particularly in Forest Guinea. Over 20 laboratory staff were trained in advanced diagnostic procedures across the three laboratories. A total of 34 Lassa fever cases have been identified across the three laboratories, all between 2020 and 2024. In country genomic surveillance capacity permitted the characterization of Lassa viruses as subclusters of lineage IV. Case fatality rate was 59%, with approximately one third of patients receiving ribavirin treatment. Notably, 82% of Lassa fever cases were detected in the Forest region, although a nosocomial outbreak was identified in Conakry in 2022. The two new serology units in Gueckédou and N’Zérékoré allowed seroprevalence research in Forest Guinea, revealing widespread Lassa virus circulation in the region. Conclusion This study presents a comprehensive overview of the Lassa fever cases detected within the network of the three VHFs labs in Guinea since 2017. The strengthened diagnostic infrastructure and local workforce has improved outbreak detection, providing valuable insights into Lassa fever epidemiology and guiding future prevention strategies.

Khat chewing is a common cultural practice in countries bordering the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa. Despite some indications in the literature, its association with upper digestive tract (UDT) cancers is under-researched. This study investigated the relationship between khat chewing and UDT cancers among male patients in Hargeisa using a case-control design. A total of 97 respondents were included, 36 cases and 61 controls from the only two cancer clinics in Somaliland, Nageeye Cancer Clinic and Needle Hospital. The study used non-probability purposive sampling, data collection was conducted using a structured questionnaire, and data entry and cleaning were performed using SPSS version 22. Analysis was carried out using Stata MP 16. The findings revealed an association between duration, frequency and amount of khat chewing and the risk of developing UDT cancers. Specifically, individuals who chewed khat for more than 20 years had a 7.05 times higher risk (p < 0.05), those who chewed daily had a 6.89 times higher risk (p < 0.05), and heavy chewers (>600 g) had a 6.60 times higher risk (p < 0.05) of developing UDT cancers. The associations found in this study between khat chewing and UDT cancers suggest an urgent need for public health strategies, including education and policy reforms, to address and reduce the health risks posed by khat chewing in Somaliland. The study also highlighted the importance of community education and awareness programs to mitigate the adverse health effects of khat.

BackgroundInstitutional delivery has been considered one of the important strategies to improve maternal and child health and significantly reduce birth-related complications. However, it is still low in developing countries though there are some improvements. even among the community who has access to the health institutions weather health center and hospital including Somaliland. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the level of institutional delivery service utilization and associated factors among women who gave birth in the last 12 months in Ga’an libah district, Marodijeh region, Somaliland.MethodsThe community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among women who gave birth in the last 12 months from September to December 2022. A simple random sampling technique was employed to select study participants from a total of sample population. Data was collected using semi-structural administered questionnaire through interviewing women. Data was collected with online mobile data collection (Kobo collect). SPSS version 25.0 was used for data management, entering and analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to determine the presence of a statistically significant association between independent variables and the outcome variable with p-value < 0.05.ResultLevel of Institutional delivery services utilization in Ga’an libah district was 53.9% [95% Cl 48.2–59.6] gave birth at health institutions. Women who can read and write local were (AOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.08–4.56, p<0.01), Women with their husband can be capable to read and write are [(AOR = 6.95, 95% Cl 2.82–21.58, p<0.002]). Additionally, ability to cost transportation for referral [AOR 5.21, 95% Cl 2.44–11.13, p<0.001]. not good services available [AOR 0.07, 95%Cl 0.01–0.10, p<0.02]. lack of maternal health and child knowledge [AOR 0.034, 95% Cl 0.02–0.57, p<0.01]. were observed associated with level of institutional deliver services utilization.ConclusionThe institutional delivery service utilization was relatively high compared to national demographic health services in the study area. A large proportion of women gave both at home without a skilled attendant. Therefore, this finding has important policy implications since changes in the cost of the health service and perceived quality would mean changes in client satisfaction as well as their choice, as well emphasize to expectant women can receive medical advice and ambulance for referrals.

Background and objectives The rational for the Somaliland national harmonised curriculum (NHC) was driven by shared concern about the quality of medical education. Process The Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Health Development produced a Medical Education Policy 2018. Policy objectives included the development of the NHC and accreditation for medical schools that met the standards of the World Federation for Medical Education (WFME). Two bodies were asked to oversee these aims: the National Health Professions’ Commission (NHPC) and the National Commission of Higher Education (NCHE). Between 2018 and 2020, a collaborative approach between the Somaliland government, medical school stakeholders, King’s Global Health Partnership’s (KGHP) volunteers and the Tropical Health Education Trust (THET) team was used to design the 6-years NHC. The NHC structure, content and delivery were grounded by WFME standards, health needs of the local population, student focused and active learning methods, and feasibility of implementation in medical schools. Outcomes The NHC comprises details about the educational outcomes, curriculum model and framework, educational principles, instructional and learning methods, core as well as optional content, and assessment strategy. Conclusions The approach used to develop the NHC ensured it is bespoken for Somaliland. Ongoing evaluation of patient and population needs, each medical school’s review of programme implementation and outcomes will inform continuous revision and renewal.

Global health is significantly impacted by antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotic misuse and overuse have resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi, which makes ordinary infections more difficult to cure and accelerates the spread of disease. The World Health Organisation has declared that antimicrobial resistance could result in up to 10 million deaths yearly by 2050, making it a worldwide health emergency. One of the greatest challenges to global health, food security, and development today, according to the World Health Organisation is the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Even though antibiotic resistance can arise naturally, improper usage of these medications and many other factors are accelerating its global spread. Antimicrobial resistance is frequently referred to as the &amp;quot;Silent Pandemic&amp;quot; and is a problem that requires current action and should be managed more effectively rather than considered as a future situation. This paper address a number of antimicrobial classes, global health, Onehealth and how drug resistance affects human health, and related risk factors. This review will also provide background information on the causes and processes of antimicrobial resistance in brief by identifying these characteristics, targeted interventions can be developed to lower the risk of illnesses that are resistant to antibiotics. It will also offer insights into new and emerging solutions that are being studied and may be created in the future to address the advancement of antimicrobial resistance.

Abstract There has been a drastic decline in the number of cheetahs in the past century. Illegal pet trade poses a critical threat to the survival of the species and demands more attention. Genetic analysis of 55 cheetahs confiscated in Somaliland shows 100% as Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii, suggesting that illegal trade subjects A. j. soemmeringii to significant pressure. Continued decline of the estimated 260–590 mature individuals qualifies this subspecies as “endangered” versus currently “vulnerable,” under criterion C2a(i) of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. A population decline of ≥80% over the next 10 years or 3 generations would even fulfill criterion A3 of “critically endangered.” We urge reclassification of A. j. soemmeringii, as endangered, and appeal to the cheetah community to investigate further uplisting to critically endangered to reflect the likely extinction risk exacerbated by the illegal trade.

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"Na ausência de registros visuais dos materiais gráficos comerciais produzidos pelo artista brasileiroBajado, uma coleção de pinturas de cavalete foi utilizada como corpus principal de uma dissertação demestrado que objetivou trazer à tona a contribuição de Bajado ao mundo do design gráfico pernambucanoe da memória gráfica brasileira. Considerando que a natureza dos impressos efêmeros, tradicionalmentediletos aos pesquisadores em memória gráfica, é diferente da pintura de cavalete; discutimos nesse artigoa pertinência da obra de arte enquanto material de estudo desse campo de pesquisa."