South Ural State University

In the present investigation, ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via a green route using Averrhoa bilimbi (ZnO B0 and B1) and Brassica oleracea (ZnO C0 and C1) extracts demonstrated distinct photocatalytic performance as a function of their structural and defect characteristics. X-ray diffraction and Williamson-Hall (W-H) analyses revealed that ZnO (B1) (synthesized with Averrhoa bilimbi fruit extract and calcined) exhibited a crystallite size of 44.8 nm and a moderate lattice strain of 0.0011, while ZnO (C1) (synthesized using Brassica oleracea var. botrytis leaf extract and calcined) exhibited a larger crystallite size of 58.6 nm and a relatively higher strain of 0.0015. These microstructural variations played a pivotal role in influencing the photocatalytic behavior under solar irradiation, as further supported by EPR and XPS analyses, which revealed a higher concentration of oxygen vacancies and defect states responsible for enhanced charge separation and activity. ZnO (B1) achieved the highest methylene blue (MB) degradation efficiency, attributed to its balanced defect concentration and strain-induced surface activity. In contrast, despite improved crystallinity, ZnO (C1) exhibited reduced activity, likely due to excessive lattice strain and oversaturation of defect sites, which promoted electron-hole recombination. Kinetic analysis based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model and thermodynamic evaluation further supported the structure-driven enhanced photocatalytic behavior of ZnO (B1). Overall, this study establishes, for the first time, a systematic correlation between Williamson-Hall microstructural parameters and the photocatalytic kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles.

The article discusses the idea of using artificial intelligence technologies in criminal proceedings. The lack of technical rules and ethical principles for the interaction of judges and artificial intelligence technologies do not allow the use of existing digital innovations in court proceedings. Analyzing the positive and negative characteristics of the introduction of neuroplatforms into legal proceedings, the need for them at this stage of the development of Russian society is established. Comparing artificial intelligence technologies and the judge, five unique differences between the instrumental and human minds have been identified. The transparent technical rules and ethical principles of their interaction developed and proposed by the author will make it possible to institutionalize the use of artificial intelligence technologies by judges as an assistant, as a powerful tool that does not replace judicial discretion, but contributes to the effectiveness of judicial proceedings and the trust of citizens in the judiciary.

This article draws on the concept of frontier modernisation (I. V. Poberezhnikov) to examine the specific nature of Chelyabinsk’s development, with a focus on the role of the Cossacks in the city’s population. The social characteristics of the Cossack population of Chelyabinsk in the pre-reform period are presented herein, primarily based on three city resident registers from 1811, 1841, and 1861. These registers contain information regarding homeowners, their social status and families, real estate in the city, service, and economic activity. As demonstrated in the data, starting in the mid-eighteenth century and continuing through the nineteenth, the population of Cossacks in Chelyabinsk decreased steadily despite the town’s numerical growth. The author attempts to reconstruct several aspects of the social history of three related Cossack clans, the Kolbins, Bukharins, and Balandins, who lived in the city during this period. The Bukharins and Balandins lived in the city from the early years of the founding of the Chelyabinsk fortress (1736), while the Kolbins appeared later, but also in the eighteenth century. There is no record of Cossack families living in a compact area of the city. Cossack households were located on different streets. It has been determined that the financial situation of Cossack families (a correlation exists between this indicator and the number of rooms in a household) was initially associated with the military ranks of the heads of families. However, from the mid-nineteenth century onward, another trend emerged, whereby successful economic activity in various spheres could ensure material prosperity. In this regard, in the post-reform period, there were numerous cases of Cossacks moving to other social classes, mainly the petty bourgeoisie, in the territory of the Orenburg Cossack Army.

Currently, the search for technologies necessary for the prevention of postoperative respiratory complications in cardiac surgery is a highly promising area. The number of patients with comorbidities and the proportion of elderly and geriatric patients undergoing both open, minimally invasive, and catheter-based cardiac surgery is growing. This literature review presents recent data on the role of respiratory pre-rehabilitation in achieving the maximum effect of cardiac surgery and the most optimal components thereof.

As robotic manipulators evolve toward lightweight and long-link structures, flexibility increasingly affects dynamic response and trajectory tracking accuracy. However, existing studies often lack a consistent coupling mechanism between finite element structural models and control models, and flexible effects are typically treated as disturbances, limiting the direct use of structural parameters for control prediction and optimization. This paper proposes a structure–control collaborative co-simulation framework for a six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) flexible-joint manipulator. ANSYS-based finite element analysis (FEA) is integrated with the MATLAB/Simulink control environment to extract joint-level equivalent stiffness, inertia, modal frequencies, and damping parameters, which are embedded into a rigid–flexible coupled dynamic model. A regression-based representation is introduced to capture unmodeled flexible residual dynamics, and a regression-compensated adaptive PID torque controller with σ-modification and a dead-zone mechanism is developed to ensure bounded adaptation and closed-loop stability. Simulation results under no-load and payload conditions demonstrate improved oscillation suppression and tracking accuracy. By establishing a unified coupling mechanism from structural parameters to the control model, the proposed method achieves consistent co-modeling of the structural and control domains and provides an engineering-feasible co-simulation approach for dynamic prediction and control optimization of multi-DOF flexible manipulators under varying operating conditions.

• Thiocyanic-cobalt (II) complex [Co(C6H20N4)(SCN)2]·CNS has been synthesized. • It is characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, UV-visible, FTIR spectroscopy and ATD-TG/DSC analysis. • Coordination geometry around each Co(II) center is distorted octahedral. • H⋯S and H⋯H are the top contributors for stability of supramolecular organization. • Theoretical study results are consistent with the corresponding single crystal XRD ones. • It demonstrates remarkable reactivity as evidenced by a narrow HOMO-LUMO gap. Thiocyanic-cobalt (II) complex has been synthesized via chemical reaction of the cationic compound propane-1,3-diamine, KSCN, with metallic salt CoCl 2 ·6H 2 O, then processed using room-temperature evaporation crystallization method. The synthesized complex has been fully investigated via single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, UV-visible, FTIR spectroscopy, ATD-TG/DSC analysis, and theoretical studies. According to the single crystal structural study, the asymmetric unit is composed of four half cobalt bearing molecules and two non-coordinated thiocyanate molecules. Each cobalt center has a six-fold coordination completed via two N-bonded thiocyanate anions; two 1,3-Diaminopropanium co-ligands, establishing a slightly distorted octahedron geometry. The stabilization of the molecular organization is further explored via Hirshfeld surface analysis. Infrared spectroscopy was used to highlight the vibrational absorption bands. To highlight the optical characteristics, the title compound's solid-state UV-visible absorption spectra were acquired at T=25°C. The thermal behaviors were examined, and the complex's breakdown was demonstrated in the [28–700°C] range. The optimization of the Co-metal compound occurred using DFT calculations, which facilitated the calculation of the HOMO–LUMO energy gap. Reduced density gradient analysis provided insights into the non-covalent interactions. A molecular electrostatic potential map illustrated the reactive sites within the molecule. Theoretical analyses, including NBO and NLO studies, reveal significant ligand-to-metal charge transfer and a high first-order hyperpolarizability, suggesting that the synthesized Co(II) complex possesses promising nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics for potential photonic and optoelectronic applications. The high crystal stability, approved by QTAIM/NCI-RDG analysis, guaranteed by the dominant hydrogen bonding network makes the complex reliable and durable, which is a key requirement for its integration into advanced solid-state NLO and optoelectronic devices.

Nonlinear optical materials designed for mid‐infrared applications gain increasing interest in photonics and quantum‐optical research. However, many of these materials remain unexplored in the broad mid‐infrared range due to the limited availability of suitable equipment. Silver thiogallate (AgGaS 2 ) is one of the widely known nonlinear crystals used in mid‐infrared frequency‐conversion applications. While its transmission and refractive indices are well characterized up to 10.6 μm, dispersion properties beyond this wavelength remain unreported. In this work, a quantum‐optical approach is employed to determine the refractive indices of AgGaS 2 across an extended mid‐infrared wavelength range. Correlated photon pairs are generated in the crystal, where one photon in a pair is generated at a near‐infrared wavelength and the other in the mid‐infrared. Due to the correlations, detecting the spectrum of the near‐infrared photons allows inferring the crystal's dispersion properties in the mid‐infrared region up to 21 μm, without the need for infrared light sources or detectors. Sellmeier equations are further proposed that accurately describe both ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices across the entire transparency range of the crystal. The results are consistent with previously reported data below 10 μm and demonstrate the suitability of AgGaS 2 for frequency‐conversion processes over an extended wavelength range.

Polyvinyl chloride compositions are widely used to produce various types of products. In the PVC composition one of the main ingredients is a plasticizer, which makes it possible to vary the characteristics of the polymer materials and products obtained, as well as significantly expand the scope of their application. Processability in treatment of the vinyl chloride compositions is an important criterion for both the suitability and cost-effectiveness of a developed plasticizer. In the modern world, high product quality is directly related to its environmental safety. In recognition of it, environmentally friendly plasticizers, based on adipic acid and oxyethylated butanol, have been developed. The effect of the obtained additives on the rheology of PVC compositions has been investigated. The values of fluidity characteristics of melts of the developed PVC compositions plasticized with butylbutoxyethyladipinate and decylbutoxyethyladipinate have been estimated. It has been shown that the fluidity of melts containing the developed additives is characterized by higher values of the melt flow index in comparison with similar compositions containing industrial dioctyl phthalate.