Sri Siddhartha Medical College

In this work , the compound (4-Formyl N,N-dimethyl anilinium picrate (FDAP) was synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. The crystal structure was elucidated using single crystal X-ray diffraction method. From the 3D molecular structure it is inferred that the crystal packing is stabilized by several intra and intermolecular, Cg…Cg interactions their nature, strength and percentage contribution are corroborated by the Hirshfeld surface analysis, while the 2D fingerprint plots provided a visual representation of the intermolecular interactions via the surface area corresponding to each type of interaction. The N–H···O and C–H···O types of strong intra and intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions resulted in the formation of S(5) self-motifs and R 2 1 (6) supramolecular ring motif. The structural and electronic properties of the compound FDAP using density functional theory (DFT). The optimized geometry, total energy, HOMO-LUMO gap and vibrational spectra were calculated at the B3LYP/6–311 +G(d,p) level of theory. The calculated results showed that the molecule has a stable geometry with a trans-conformation. The HOMO-LUMO gap of 3.8178 eV indicates that the molecule has moderate stability. In order to aid in the development of better vaccines and treatments, more in-silico research, including molecular docking, was conducted against the structure of the human collapsin response mediator protein-1, a lung cancer suppressor protein. Intriguingly, which shed light on possible inhibitors and new therapeutic candidates due to the high concentration of non-covalent interactions.

Breastfeeding competency is a core professional requirement in midwifery practice and significantly influences maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Despite global recommendations advocating exclusive breastfeeding, gaps persist in practical skill preparation and clinical confidence among midwifery students. Simulation-based training has emerged as an innovative educational strategy; however, its conceptual meaning within breastfeeding competency development remains inadequately defined. This study aimed to clarify the concept of simulation-based training for breastfeeding competency development in midwifery practice using Walker and Avant’s eight-step concept analysis methodology. A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases for studies published between 2000 and 2025. Sixty-four relevant articles were included in the final synthesis. Five defining attributes were identified: structured experiential learning, simulated clinical environment, competency-based evaluation, facilitated reflective debriefing, and clinical transferability. Antecedents included curricular gaps, technological advancement, maternal–infant health priorities, and ethical considerations in clinical training. Consequences encompassed improved psychomotor skills, enhanced clinical confidence, strengthened breastfeeding support practices, and potential improvement in maternal satisfaction and breastfeeding outcomes. An operational definition was developed to guide curriculum design, research standardization, and policy development. Concept clarification supports the integration of simulation-based strategies into competency-based midwifery education to enhance breastfeeding support quality and maternal–newborn health outcomes.

Background: Effective postoperative pain management after lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) is essential for early maternal recovery, initiation of breastfeeding, and improved maternal–infant bonding. Inadequate analgesia may lead to delayed ambulation, prolonged hospital stay, and increased postoperative complications. Wound infiltration with local anesthetics is a simple and effective technique for providing postoperative analgesia following caesarean section. Bupivacaine is widely used for wound infiltration because of its long duration of action and favourable safety profile. Tramadol, an opioid analgesic with additional monoaminergic activity, has been studied as an adjuvant to local anesthetics to enhance postoperative analgesia. The addition of tramadol to bupivacaine may prolong analgesic duration and improve postoperative pain control. Aim: To compare the analgesic efficacy of wound infiltration with bupivacaine alone versus bupivacaine combined with tramadol for postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Materials and Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blinded comparative clinical study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesiology at Sri Siddhartha Medical College and Research Institute, Tumkur, Karnataka, India, over a 24-month period. A total of 60 parturients undergoing elective LSCS under spinal anaesthesia were included in the study. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups (n = 30 each): Group B (Bupivacaine group) received wound infiltration with 0.25% bupivacaine alone, whereas Group BT (Bupivacaine + Tramadol group) received 0.25% bupivacaine combined with tramadol at a dose of 2 mg/kg. Postoperative pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and parameters such as duration of analgesia, time to first rescue analgesic, total analgesic consumption, and adverse effects were recorded. Results: Patients receiving bupivacaine combined with tramadol demonstrated significantly prolonged postoperative analgesia, lower VAS pain scores, and delayed requirement for rescue analgesia compared with patients receiving bupivacaine alone. The combination group also showed reduced total analgesic consumption in the postoperative period without significant increase in adverse effects. Conclusion: Wound infiltration with bupivacaine combined with tramadol provides superior postoperative analgesia compared with bupivacaine alone in patients undergoing LSCS under spinal anaesthesia. The addition of tramadol enhances the duration and quality of postoperative pain relief without significant complications.

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is one of the most common gynecological complaints in Indian women, particularly in the reproductive and perimenopausal age groups. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device (LNG-IUCD) presents itself as a promising therapeutic alternative for AUB. Therefore, the study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and acceptability of LNG-IUD in women with AUB over 6 months at tertiary care hospital. Material and Methods: The present prospective observational study was undertaken in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Sri Siddhartha Medical College and Hospital, Tumakuru & District Hospital, Tumakuru during the period from August 2025 to January 2026. A total sample size of 100 patients with heavy menstrual bleeding not on any medication was included in the study population. The study was conducted after taking ethical clearance from the institute and informed consent from the patients. Patients were instructed to utilise the Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBAC). Results: The majority of participants were aged 20–39 years (93%) and were multiparous (85%). Most participants had no co-morbidities (68%); however, hypertension and obesity were each present in 18%. , IUCD remained in place in 77% of patients. Spontaneous expulsion occurred in 7%, 6% required removal, and 10% were lost to follow-up. A significant reduction in mean PBAC score following LNG-IUCD insertion was observed. Conclusion: The present study concludes that the Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Contraceptive Device is a highly effective and safe non-surgical option for managing heavy menstrual bleeding.

Background: There are many types of skin tumours depends on geographic latitudes, occupational exposure, and sun exposure and skin protection behavior. Hence correlation of macroscopic and microscopic studies can accurately diagnose the skin tumours. Method: 75 (seventy-five) adult patients having skin tumors were studied. The biopsy was done to study the tumors histopathologically. Tumors were classified as per the guidelines of WHO. Histopathological findings were correlated with immunohistochemistry findings. Results: Out of Seventy five, 45 benign and 30 malignant tumours were noted, 44 (58.6%) Keratino cytic, 15 (20%) melanocytic, 13 (17.3%) appandageal, 3 (4%) Hematolymphoid were classified and 15 (50%) basal cell carcinoma was also classified. The highest number was 6 (40%) nodular variants, followed by 4 (26.6%) basosquamous variants. Conclusion: Skin tumours affect the normal social life. Early diagnosis can prevent morbidity and mortality. Plastic or cosmetic surgery of the face and exposed body organs can be revitalizing.

Background: Pain is a common health problem encountered across clinical and community settings. Inadequate pain management leads to physiological, psychological, and functional consequences. Non-pharmacological methods of pain management are safe, cost-effective, and complementary to pharmacological therapy. Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) students play a vital role in providing basic nursing care; however, their knowledge regarding non-pharmacological pain management is often inadequate. Objectives: (1) To assess the existing knowledge of ANM students regarding selected non-pharmacological methods of pain management, (2) to evaluate the effectiveness of a Video Assisted Teaching Programme (VATP) on knowledge, and (3) to determine the association between post-test knowledge scores and selected demographic variables. Methods: A pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design was adopted. Fifty ANM students from Government ANM School, Hassan, were selected using purposive sampling. Knowledge was assessed using a structured questionnaire before and after a 30-minute VATP on selected non-pharmacological methods of pain management. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The mean post-test knowledge score (80.5%) was significantly higher than the mean pre-test score (41.8%). The difference was statistically significant at p < 0.05, indicating the effectiveness of VATP. Significant associations were observed between post-test knowledge scores and selected demographic variables. Conclusion: Video Assisted Teaching Programme was effective in improving knowledge regarding selected non-pharmacological methods of pain management among ANM students. Incorporating video-based teaching strategies into ANM training programmes is recommended.

Fog computing is one of the rapidly growing platforms with an exponentially increasing demand for real-time data processing. The fog computing market is expected to reach USD 8358 million by the year 2030 with a compound annual growth of 50%. The wide adaptation of fog computing by the industries worldwide is due to the advantages like reduced latency, high operational efficiency, and high-level data privacy. The highly distributed and heterogeneous nature of fog computing leads to significant challenges related to resource management, data security, task scheduling, data privacy, and interoperability. The task typically represents a job generated by the IoT device. The action indicates the way of executing the tasks whose decision is taken by the scheduler. Task scheduling is one of the prominent issues in fog computing which includes the process of effectively scheduling the tasks among fog devices to effectively utilize the resources and meet the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the applications. Improper task scheduling leads to increased execution time, overutilization of resources, data loss, and poor scalability. Hence there is a need to do proper task scheduling to make optimal task distribution decisions in a highly dynamic resource-constrained heterogeneous fog computing environment. Flow Q learning (FQL) is a potential form of reinforcement learning algorithm which uses the flow matching policy for action distribution. It can handle complex forms of data and multimodal action distribution which make it suitable for the highly volatile fog computing environment. However, flow Q learning struggles to achieve a proper trade-off between the expressive flow model and a reduction in the Q function, as it relies on a one-step optimization policy that introduces bias into the estimated Q function value. The Tiny Language Model (TLM) is a significantly smaller form of a Large Language Model (LLM) which is designed to operate over the device-constrained environment. It can provide fair and systematic guidance to disproportionally biased deep learning models. In this paper a novel TLM guided flow Q learning framework is designed to address the task scheduling problem in fog computing. The neutrality and fine-tuning capability of the TLM is combined with the quick generable ability of the FQL algorithm. The framework is simulated using the Simcan2Fog simulator considering the dynamic nature of fog environment under finite and infinite resources. The performance is found to be good with respect to parameters like execution time, accuracy, response time, and latency. Further the results obtained are validated using the expected value analysis method which is found to be satisfactory.