Studi

Abstract Ancient DNA is a valuable data source for the understanding of our past. However, to effectively interpret this data, it is essential to know the age of the samples from which the DNA is obtained. Although the field of palaeogenomics has been recognised for its robust open data sharing practices, dating information associated with analysed samples is not reported consistently across palaeogenomic studies, nor is it included as metadata in most genetic data repositories. Here, we describe the addition of standardised precise dating information for ancient microbial genomes into the AncientMetagenomeDir metadata repository of published ancient metagenomic samples. This extension currently includes dating information for over 700 ancient microbial genomic datasets, of which 333 are dated using historical, contextual, or stratigraphic methods, and 405 are radiocarbon dated. We quantitatively assess the quality of radiocarbon date reporting and find that, despite established reporting conventions, radiocarbon dating information is often reported inconsistently across ancient metagenomic studies. This new resource provides ancient microbial researchers with standardised dating information that facilitates more accurate and consistent analysis of metagenomic sequencing data. The dataset also highlights the need for greater standardisation of radiocarbon date reporting in original publications in order to allow effective reuse of this and future ancient microbial data.

Climate changes profoundly impact species distributions and can drastically alter dynamics between formerly isolated taxa. The evolution of mammoths within North America was characterized by repeated cycles of dispersal and putative gene flow between woolly and Columbian mammoths. However, as genome-wide studies on mammoths have predominantly focused on Siberia, the consequences of these North American range shifts remain unclear. Here, we generated genome-wide and morphological data for two Late Pleistocene mammoth molars from British Columbia, Canada (BC), and jointly analysed these with previously published data. Our genome-wide analysis (n = 16) revealed gene flow between woolly and Columbian mammoths that would have gone undiscovered based on morphological (n = 48) and mitochondrial analysis (n = 124) alone. Consistent with their hybrid nature, our analyses suggest that these two BC mammoths had elevated genomic diversity. Our results highlight the importance of combining data types to reconstruct past evolutionary events. These findings demonstrate how the geographical range expansion of woolly mammoths resulted in long-term hybridization with local Columbian mammoths and enhance our understanding of the genomic and morphological consequences of climate-mediated dispersal.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan penambahan kalium klorida (KCl) dalam proses ekstraksi karagenan dari rumput laut Eucheuma cottonii untuk meningkatkan viskositas dan kekuatan gel karagenan. Penambahan KCl digunakan untuk memperkuat jaringan gel polisakarida, yang mempengaruhi kualitas karagenan dalam berbagai aplikasi industri. Pada penelitian ini, rumput laut Eucheuma cottonii diperlakukan dengan variasi konsentrasi KCl (4%, 6%, dan 8%) dalam larutan alkali yang terdiri dari NaOH, KCl, dan air. Proses perendaman dilakukan pada suhu 65°C selama 2 jam, diikuti dengan pengeringan dan penghancuran sampel untuk kemudian dianalisis viskositas dan kekuatan gelnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan KCl 4% menghasilkan viskositas rata-rata 844,6 cP, sementara KCl 6% dan 8% menghasilkan viskositas yang lebih rendah, masing-masing 789,6 cP dan 623,6 cP. Untuk kekuatan gel, penambahan KCl 4% menghasilkan kekuatan rata-rata 311,08 g/cm², sementara pada KCl 6% dan 8%, kekuatan gel meningkat menjadi 479,3 g/cm² dan 530,5 g/cm², secara berturut-turut. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, penambahan KCl 8% terbukti optimal dalam meningkatkan kualitas karagenan, dengan viskositas 623,6 cP dan kekuatan gel 141,3 g/cm². Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa KCl memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap peningkatan kualitas karagenan yang diekstrak dari Eucheuma cottonii.

Biobriket merupakan bahan bakar padat yang terbuat dari campuran biomassa dan dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi alternatif. Komposisi cangkang kelapa sawit yang dianalisis menunjukkan nilai energi yang tinggi dibandingkan limbah kelapa sawit lainnya. Cangkangnya mengandung komponen organik yang dapat diubah menjadi bahan bakar melalui proses pengarangan. Namun tingginya kandungan abu dan mineral pada cangkang kelapa sawit dapat mempengaruhi kualitas biobriket. Untuk meningkatkan kualitasnya, batu bara dicampur dengan cangkang kelapa sawit selama proses produksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi perbandingan batubara dan cangkang kelapa sawit terhadap kualitas biobriket. Percobaan yang dilakukan meliputi pembuatan arang cangkang kelapa sawit, penggilingan menjadi arang, pencampuran dengan batubara dengan arang cangkang kelapa sawit, penambahan larutan sagu 2% sebagai bahan pengikat, dan pencetakan biobriket. Biobriket diuji kualitasnya, meliputi analisis kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, dan nilai kalor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kalor tertinggi terdapat pada biobriket batubara 100%:0%, sedangkan kadar air terendah terdapat pada biobriket cangkang sawit 100%. Namun, tidak ada satu pun biobriket yang memenuhi persyaratan kadar abu standar. Studi tersebut menyimpulkan bahwa perbandingan batu bara dan cangkang kelapa sawit mempengaruhi kualitas biobriket, dengan pengaruh yang bervariasi terhadap kadar air, kadar abu, bahan mudah menguap, dan nilai kalor, dimana nilai kalor tertinggi pada variasi perbandingan 100%:0% sebesar 5894,28 kal/g,. nilai kadar air terendah pada variasi perbandingan 100%:0% sebesar 2,69%, nilai kadar abu yang terendah pada variasi perbandingan 60%:40% sebesar 8,96%, dan nilai zat terbang terendah pada variasi perbandingan 100%:0% sebesar 20,18%.

ABSTRACT The impact of globalization on children’s media is often hotly debated. While proponents welcome global media to broaden children’s horizons, opponents warn of the potentially negative effects of an increasingly ‘Disneyfied’ culture. More recently, several language and media scholars have noticed a growing counter-movement of cherishing ‘the local’, but also ‘the glocalization’ of global media. This relationship between the global and the local is at the core of our dubbing analysis. With a methodology informed by Social Semiotics and (Audiovisual) Translation Studies, the Swedish and Dutch dubbed versions of the internationally distributed Disney series PJ Masks are analysed. In our comparative analysis of the Swedish and Dutch dubbing, we use multimodal transcription grids to study how the series’ female superhero and villain are portrayed multimodally through spoken language, visuals, sound and (to some extent) voice, focusing on diversity, gender and agency. Our findings show that the Dutch and Swedish versions can be considered ‘glocal’ artefacts resulting from a global product that is imported and localized in both language areas. The analysis reveals interesting (non-)shifts in the depiction of female superhero and villain characters, but also in the semiotic interplay between the different modes in the text.

ABSTRACT What has happened to the economic history in and about the three Baltic countries Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania after independence in 1991? The survey includes problem areas researched, the reinterpretations of history in different periods, in particular the interwar years and the period of Soviet rule after the Second World War, and the institutional changes in the academy. Even if economic history has not been the first priority of universities, considerable work has been done on development models and the different successes and failures recorded. The frequent institutional changes of the economies, from liberal to state capitalism, to command economy and back to liberal models, have made the task of economic historians difficult. Much time has been spent assessing data and making them comparable, and even more on looking for reliable statistics in the Soviet system. Despite many challenges, much has also been achieved.

IntroductionWithin the technology education research field, aesthetics has primarily been treated as either related to artifacts, design processes and innovation, or as related to students’ enjoyment, appreciation, and participation in technology and technology education. This study focuses on the role of aesthetics in technology learning more specifically the learning of programming. Previous research has pointed to aesthetics as important for the learning of programming, e.g., that programming activities in higher education typically involve experiences of frustration. While previous research is primarily based on student reports, there is a need for further exploration of processes of learning to program. The aim of this study is to explore the role of aesthetics for student learning to program in and what these processes may mean in relation to a disciplinary aesthetics of the technology subject.MethodsThe study was part of a design-based study with the overall purpose to develop the teaching of programming in lower secondary school. Data was collected from a programming task designed and implemented in school-year 9 (the students were aged 15–16) in Technology in two lower secondary classes. In total, three teachers participated in the implementation. The students pair-programmed Lego robots that should perform specific movements, such as following a curved line. Each group recorded their coding process along with audio, resulting in videos that documented the gradual evolution of their programs. These videos, capturing the real-time programming and associated student and teacher conversations, serve as the data for this study. In order to analyze the role of aesthetics in classroom conversations a Practical Epistemology Analysis was applied.ResultsThe results show that aesthetic judgments were important for orienting learning toward (1) the movement of the robot and (2) the ways to be in the programming activity. During the programming activity, the students expressed feelings of frustration but also joy and humor.DiscussionThe findings concur with previous research and contribute to further understanding the role of negative and positive aesthetic experiences in the teaching and learning of programming. The importance of the objects of aesthetic experience found in this study are discussed as part of a disciplinary aesthetic of programming.

Literature about travels to Europe, texts reflecting on identity and belonging, and describing encounters with the Other all have a long tradition in Arabic literature stretching back to the time of the Nahda. The theme of migration has been treated from different angles but almost always with a stress on the difference between East and West: from the early precolonial literature with its partly critical but at the same time also inquisitive and even positive outlook on Europe as a center of modernity to learn from, to later texts from the colonial period describing the encounter between the spiritual East and the spiritually hollow West, often embodied in an encounter between a male student from an Arabic country and a European woman, to the more problematized descriptions of the 1960s-1970s focusing on exile and alienation. However, since the 1990s in connection with turbulent political and social circumstances, a new kind of literature of migration has started to emerge. It is referred to as literature of forced migration and it is distinguished from earlier literature of migration by its new aesthetics and styles. At the center of this new literature of forced migration stand the refugees and asylum seekers who for different reasons, be they political, economic, or related to war, have been forced to migrate. To quote the author of the study reviewed here, Johanna Sellman, this is literature written from the perspective of those outside "normatively defined citizenship" (p. 3). It is this literature of migration of the post-1990s that is in focus in Sellman's Arabic Exile Literature in Europe: Defamiliarizing Forced Migration. A keyword in the study, as apparent already in the subtitle, is defamiliarization. The term, first coined by the Russian formalist Viktor Shklovsky, is here defined as a creative and literary tool for challenging and reimagining hegemonic concepts of categories such as borders, citizenship, and belonging. It is thus the aim of the study to explore how different defamiliarizing techniques and non-realist speculative modes of writing, like fantasy, dystopian writing, and science fiction, are used in contemporary Arabic literature of forced migration with the purpose of problematizing, challenging, and reimagining simplified representations of migrations and migrants as well as borders, citizenship, and belonging. The corpus of the study consists of a selection of novels, short stories, and theater plays by several Arabic writers from different countries. What the texts have in common is that they engage with contemporary forms of forced and undocumented migration through creative defamiliarization, thus challenging hegemonic binaries like those between the East and West or between the exile and the refugee. The majority of the texts are written in Arabic but the corpus also includes narratives originally written in French, German, English, and Swedish by authors who have ties to the Arabic-speaking world. Thus, for example, among the texts discussed we find a play by the Swedish novelist and playwright Jonas Hassen Khemiri, who has a connection to

This study aims to produce PowerPoint-based fable multimedia on standard unit material (weight and length) at SDN Kuningan Barat 01 Pagi Jakarta that is feasible/valid, interesting, and effective. This research was made using the research and development method and with the modified borg and gall model, namely: 1) Preliminary Study; 2) planning; 3) product design; 4) product validation; 5) product trials; 6) final product. This PowerPoint-based multimedia fable on standard unit material (weight and length) at SDN Kuningan Barat 01 Pagi Jakarta received 80% marks from linguists, 82.6% from media experts, and 90% from material experts. Based on the average score, the product can be categorized as very feasible to use. The results of the research given to students in the form of an assessment questionnaire at 3 stages of the media trial and in the large-scale trial obtained a result of 85.6% which was categorized as very interesting. PowerPoint-based fable multimedia on standard unit material (weight and length) at SDN Kuningan Barat 01 Pagi Jakarta is proven to fulfill the feasibility aspect for use in learning and has succeeded in increasing student learning effectiveness of increasing student grades. This was obtained from the results of increased student scores. The results of student assessments increased by 0.59%, namely the percentage of student scores before using the product was 63.6% and the percentage of student scores after using the product was 85.3% and all students passed the KKM.

KepemimpinanMemiliki peranan untuk mempengaruhi, memotivasi, dan memungkinkan orang lain untuk berkontribusi terhadap efektivitas dan keberhasilan organisasi dimana mereka menjadi anggota.Perspekti