Superior Court of California

The computer has become fundamentally important in all aspects of life in 21 centuries, including education, for decades Technology enhanced language learning has been a topic of educational research. The present study, therefore, is focused on finding the of the effectiveness of Technology enhanced language learning (TELL) in teaching language courses at the university level for undergraduates. A qualitative approach for research methodology was applied to get an in-depth analysis in this area of research. To investigate the effectiveness of TELL on students in communication skills teachers' perception was investigated on the basis of the interviews. Semi-structured interviews from 16 on job university teachers. TELL based course was designed and taught to the students of second semester. The purpose was to explore the factors for the effectiveness Technology enhanced language learning (TELL) so the subjects were divided in two groups, Group A was taught TELL based course and group B was taught regular language course offered by the university. The results of qualitative data proved the effectiveness of TELL on students’ communication skills. The findings of the teachers interviews confirmed coding and thematic analysis. The future recommendations were in the favor of the application of TELL in teaching English as second language learning.

The Sabatier principle, which optimizes electrocatalyst design by balancing intermediate adsorption and desorption, typically manifests as a volcano trend in catalytic activity. Here, we introduce a hydrogen-bond-induced Sabatier phenomenon that enables the design of highly efficient Ir-based electrocatalysts. The optimized amorphous IrOx catalyst achieves a high mass activity of 1741 A gIr-1, a 27-fold improvement over commercial IrO2 (64 A gIr-1), alongside a durability (S-number: 1.9 × 106) with no apparent degradation in 870 h, far surpassing the benchmarks of commercial IrO2 (S-number: 3.4 × 104). Operando X-ray absorption spectrometry, in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and online differential electrochemical mass spectrometry measurements reveal the absence of lattice oxygen participation and a self-healing mechanism involving the Ir valence state and Ir-O bond length. Density functional theory calculations highlight reduced energy barriers for *OOH formation and strengthened Ir-O bonds as critical factors driving enhanced performance. Moreover, this H-bond modulation strategy is generalized to other metal oxides in acidic conditions, including RuOx, RhOx, and CoOx, highlighting its versatility and potential to revolutionize electrocatalyst design. These findings establish H-bond modulation as a transformative, noncovalent approach for improving activity and stability in metal oxide electrocatalysts.

This Article will examine the effectiveness of measures commonly employed to increase appellate court productivity. Part I of the Article sets forth some common design problems and explains how the research technique employed in the present study avoids these problems by using a multiple time-series research design. Part II applies this design to state court data. Part II also describes the dependent variable, the number of appeals decided per judge, used in the regression analysis. Part III discusses the results of that analysis-the impact of each change listed above on judicial productivity. The Article, although not advocating the adoption of the discussed efficiency measures, concludes that the failure to enact any type of efficiency measure will cause appellate courts to fall behind in the handling of their caseloads.

ABSTRACT Generative artificial intelligence is transforming the way we make, and think about, art. With prompting from human users, these generative systems now produce aesthetically compelling and seemingly creative works in a variety of artistic domains. In doing so, they challenge the ways we think about artistic credit, about creativity, and about the mechanism of legal copyright, which is meant to protect and promote creativity in a capitalist art market. All of this is currently at play in the courtroom, as artists contest the ways in which their artworks can be rightfully fed into these artificial systems (“the problem of the inputs”), and other artists are challenged over whether they might be credited for the visual images these systems generate (“the problem of the outputs”). Here, we explore these problems as they arise in visual art. We argue that the contested legal landscape surrounding these artificial systems reflects the ways they challenge our received notions of artistic credit and creativity. And we suggest that clarifying or changing the application of copyright in light of their generative capacities will ultimately involve revising our conception of art.

The overarching objective of this opinion piece is endlessly learning and adjusting to the challenges of the modern academic world. These observations and reflections are based on first-hand experience teaching three courses: civil procedure, the law of evidence, and legal drafting. Throughout the semester, there was extensive interaction with the students - thrice a week for approximately 3 hours each class. This opinion underscores the importance of thinking outside the box and strictly adhering to the rules, regulations, and university policies in its letter and spirit across the board, whether it pertains to student attendance, assignments, projects, or grading. Also, the opinion touches on the demerits of archaic teaching and offers few recommendations for fixing it.The semester has flown away in a blink of an eye. It seems like yesterday flying from New York to Islamabad. My enthusiasm peaked and was entirely driven by the desire to give back to my birth country by teaching law as taught in the United States of America – specifically, to those who would never have a chance to go abroad for studies. The underlying desire had been and will always be - to share my approximately forty (40) years of experience, knowledge, and daily breathing in the life of law in the world's litigious society – the United States of America. In April 2023, Dr. Asif Khan, NUST head of the law department, came to Washington, DC. We both were judging the JESSUP Competition. We discussed the idea of my teaching Civil Procedures, Evidence, and Legal Drafting for the fall semester of 2023. Despite fierce opposition from family and close friends, I agreed to the proposal. I started preparing the coursework/syllabus and everything needed for the semester.

Abstract The COVID‐19 pandemic forced courts to virtualize proceedings almost overnight, resulting in both an array of new technological tools as well as important questions about their long‐term effects. This article studies the impact of the shift from in‐person to remote child custody and visitation mediation in San Mateo County, California. Through surveys with parents, interviews with mediators and parents, and participation and outcome data, it captures the early experiences and results associated with remote mediation. The findings suggest that while remote mediation can offer benefits such as accessibility, comfort, and safety, other challenges persist. The study seeks to enable courts to better understand the obstacles and opportunities that arise from online platforms and inform future policy‐making on the use of technology in their practices.

Editor's note: This is the 19th article in a series on clinical research by nurses. The series is designed to be used as a resource for nurses to understand the concepts and principles essential to research. Each column will present the concepts that underpin evidence-based practice-from research design to data interpretation. To see all the articles in the series, go to https://links.lww.com/AJN/A204.

ABSTRACT This article by a California Court of Appeal justice presents her perspectives and experiences in a Veterans Treatment Court (VTC). She volunteered as a mentor in a Veterans Treatment Court every week for nine years. From her unique perspective, she compares what happens in a VTC with what goes on in a typical criminal court. Her experience as a mentor demonstrates the lack of connection between mentors and the collaborative team. The author describes the VTC process, how laws dictate much of what happens within a VTC, how veteran/defendants react to the process, and what still needs to be done.

Conflict between parents is stressful and disruptive to children living in the midst of parental separation or divorce. Although some level of post-separation/divorce conflict is understandable in an emotionally-charged separation/divorce, it undermines the extent to which parents protect their children from short- and long-term problems. In this article, we weave together a synthesized perspective informed by our respective training and experience in prevention science and family law on the role of parent education programs for high-conflict separating/divorcing parents. To do so, we first describe the research on the effects of high interparental conflict on children's outcomes and then discuss current approaches and challenges to reducing these negative effects by offering parent education programs for high-conflict separating/divorcing parents. Then, we propose and describe a new model for early, effective, and scalable parent education programs with the ultimate goal of protecting children after separation/divorce.

Abstract Using data from a study examining forms of mediation designed to be safer for separating parents reporting high levels of intimate partner violence (IPV; Holtzworth‐Munroe, Applegate, et al., 2021; Holtzworth‐Munroe, Beck, et al., 2021), the current study compares three groups, cases that reached mediation agreement (“mediation agreement group”), did not reach mediation agreement and returned to court (“no mediation agreement group”), or went to court without attempting mediation (“court group”). Ninety‐eight cases started mediation and 68% did not reach agreement. Sixty‐six cases went to court without mediation. The mediation agreement group reported better outcomes, immediately (e.g., felt safer, less upset, higher satisfaction, faster case resolution, more likely to address issues and interparental communication limits) and one‐year later (e.g., higher satisfaction, fewer court orders), than the other groups. The court group only differed from both mediation groups on a few measures (e.g., lower satisfaction, less likely to exchange children at parents' homes). The no mediation agreement group reported more negative outcomes than one or both other groups (e.g., less satisfaction, more harassment from other parent, less social support at follow‐up). In mediation designed to be safer for cases reporting high levels of IPV and with parties willing to try mediation, reaching agreement was associated with positive outcomes, and not reaching agreement was associated with potentially concerning outcomes. Research is needed to identify risk factors for not reaching agreement. Additional services may need to be provided to such cases.