Syracuse University

Rigidity is an emergent property of materials-it is not a feature of individual components that compose the structure, but instead arises from interactions between many constituent parts. It has been recognized that floppy-rigid or fluid-solid transitions are harnessed by biological systems at all scales to drive form and function. This review focuses on the different mechanisms that can drive emergent rigidity transitions in biomechanical networks and describes how they arise in mathematical formalisms and how they are observed in practice in experiments. The goal is to aid researchers in identifying mechanisms governing rigidity in their biological systems of interest, highlight mechanical features that are universal across different systems, and help drive new scientific hypotheses for observed mechanical phenomena in biology. Looking forward, we also discuss how biological systems might tune themselves toward or away from such transitions over developmental or evolutionary timescales.

Introduction. When examining moral foundations in immigration discourse on social media, most studies focus on ideology-based groups rather than across specific immigrant groups. This ignores moral framings that depict some communities with empathy and others as threats. This research explores how moral foundations vary in Twitter conversations about five immigrant groups. Method. Tweets were sorted into five categories (based on immigrant groups being discussed: African, Asian, European, Latin American, or Middle Eastern) utilising keyword searches and AI LLM modeling. GPT-3.5 Turbo was employed and achieved a satisfactory performance (0.83) compared to manual human labeling. Analysis. Scores for foundation variables (care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, and purity/sanctity) were analysed using enhMFD1 dictionary. One-way ANOVA tested overall differences between groups and Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test identified specific patterns. Results. Latin American immigrant discourse emphasised care and authority. European-focused tweets featured stronger loyalty. African immigrant discourse highlighted loyalty with moderate authority, discourse about Middle Eastern immigrants showed elevated harm and betrayal, and Asian immigrant discourse portrayed higher fairness-vice. Conclusion(s). Immigrant groups are framed differently through moral language in social media conversations, which may influence perceptions and can inform strategies for addressing harmful narratives on social media.

The purpose of this study was to examine implementation barriers and facilitators related to evidence-based concussion management among school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs). Using the Integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) framework, we explored how innovation, recipient, context, and facilitation factors influence SLPs' ability to bridge the know-do gap in return-to-learn (RTL) care for students with concussion. We conducted qualitative semistructured interviews with 10 school-based SLPs purposively selected to reflect varying confidence levels regarding concussion management using a framework-informed hybrid deductive-inductive approach. The i-PARIHS framework guided interview development and thematic analysis to identify barriers and facilitators across framework constructs. Implementation barriers and facilitators mapped to all four i-PARIHS constructs. Innovation barriers included limited awareness of RTL protocols (only one of 10 participants knew district protocols) and assessment challenges in establishing baselines and differentiating concussion-related difficulties. Recipient facilitators encompassed professional growth mindset and consultation model preferences, with nine of 10 participants expressing confidence in providing concussion services despite acknowledging knowledge gaps. Context was the primary barrier domain, involving resource constraints including large (up to 150 students) or complex caseloads, high workload demands, and communication gaps between medical and educational settings. Facilitation included peer networks as primary knowledge sources, but limited access to concussion-specific continuing education created barriers. A cross-cutting professional growth mindset demonstrated SLPs' readiness to participate in RTL implementation despite current limitations. While SLPs possess strong individual characteristics supporting RTL and concussion care delivery, significant organizational barriers limit evidence-based concussion care delivery. Implementation strategies should leverage SLPs' growth mindset and peer consultation preferences while addressing multilevel contextual barriers through systematic training programs, consultation-based service models, and improved medical-school communication protocols. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.31449640.

Abstract Saltwater is migrating into freshwater aquifers globally with water quality and biogeochemical implications, yet saltwater intrusion in glaciated regions is sparsely investigated. Field observations suggest that groundwater head in glaciated systems is influenced by ice sheet forcings and provides evidence that seawater infiltrated into offshore aquifers during past deglaciation events. To understand links between ice sheet dynamics, groundwater head, and saltwater intrusion, we use numerical models to explore the effects of deglaciation on nearshore head and salinity distributions. We find that ice sheet thinning diminishes groundwater head, and the resulting shift in subsurface pressure gradients drives rapid landward movement of the subsurface freshwater‐saltwater interface up to 4.0 km or 1.3 m per m ice sheet loss. Results highlight an overlooked saltwater intrusion mechanism that aligns with field observations and affects glaciated coastlines undergoing ice sheet retreat, underscoring the need to consider this mechanism in studies of contemporary coastal water quality.

The human heart, originating from the splanchnic mesoderm, is the first functional organ to develop, co-evolving with the foregut endoderm through reciprocal signaling. Previously, cardioid models offered new insights on cardiovascular cell lineages and tissue morphogenesis during heart development, while mesoderm-endoderm crosstalk remain incompletely understood. Here, we integrated micropatterned cardioids, CRISPR-engineered reporter hiPSCs, deep-tissue imaging, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to explore synergistic mesoderm-endoderm co-development. scRNA-seq with PHATE trajectory mapping reconstructed lineage bifurcations of mesoderm-heart and endoderm-foregut lineages, identifying key cell types in cardiac and hepatic development. Ligand-receptor interaction analysis highlighted mesodermal cells enriched in non-canonical WNT, NRG, and TGF-β signaling, while endodermal cells exhibited VEGF and Hedgehog activity. We found that micropattern sizes influenced cellular composition, cardioid cavitation, contractile functions, and mesoderm-endoderm signaling crosstalk. The cardioids generated from 600µm diameter circle patterns showed larger cavity formation resembling early heart chamber formation. Our findings establish micropatterned cardioids as a model for mesoderm-endoderm co-development, enhancing our understanding of heart-foregut synergy during early embryogenesis.

Subarctic and Arctic regions are experiencing rapid warming that is accelerating permafrost thaw and altering groundwater systems, with implications for the transport of solutes, including contaminants. Simulating these processes requires numerical tools that couple water, energy, and solute transport under dynamic freeze–thaw and variably saturated conditions. We present SUTRA-solice, a new version of the USGS SUTRA code developed to simulate variably saturated groundwater flow, advective–conductive heat transport with phase change, and reactive transport of multiple solute species. SUTRA-solice integrates the multi-species solute transport capabilities of SUTRA-MS with the phase-change energy transport framework of SUTRA 4.0, and adds functionality to represent temperature- and saturation-dependent reaction rates. We illustrate the application of SUTRA-solice by exploring contaminant transport in a continuous permafrost setting under warming conditions. Results show that increased seasonal thaw depth and duration enhance groundwater flow and increase solute mobility and transformation, particularly for weakly sorbing species. These results demonstrate the flexibility of SUTRA-solice for investigating solute dynamics in cryohydrogeologic systems. Continued development and testing of the model against field data will lead to improved understanding of climate-driven feedbacks and inform water management in permafrost environments.

Transfer function techniques are commonly used to remove tilt and compliance noise from broadband ocean bottom seismometers (BBOBS), particularly at periods longer than 10 s. Temporary deployments and cabled observatory installations utilizing BBOBS have increased in the past several years and involved a variety of different organizations globally. Furthermore, techniques utilizing non-traditional approaches, such as short-period ambient noise and the expanded use of horizontal-component seismic data, have also expanded. Here we present updates to the Automated Tilt and Compliance Removal (ATaCR) package, designed to help users both assess and remove noise from BBOBS projects. In particular, we have improved flexibility and assessment metrics to better meet the variety of approaches necessary for modern analyses. Notable additions include: (1) summary figures assessing tilt properties; (2) improved phase analyses to discriminate between microseismic and other sources of noise; (3) expanded flexibility to incorporate a variety of data and metadata, such as quality control metrics, and instrument handedness; (4) generalized TF removal algorithm to allow exploration of non-traditional correction sequences; (5) transfer function workflows for ambient noise imaging.

Abstract Large‐scale land reforms constitute a substantial redistribution of wealth and reallocation of agricultural land, which is a major form of asset and production input in developing countries. While land redistribution (from the rich to the poor) remains a highly controversial issue, extensive evidence on its effect is limited. Using the most comprehensive global dataset on land reforms available to date, we investigate the impact of redistributive land reforms on agricultural productivity, along with the resulting structural change in the economy. First, we document that these reforms reduce per‐hectare agricultural output and agricultural mechanization by a statistically significant and quantitatively large amount. Second, these effects get worse with repeated redistributions, underpinning the potentially detrimental impact of ownership insecurity arising from frequent redistributions. Third, we find that the employment share of agriculture increases while the shares of industry and service sectors decrease. Importantly, this reallocation of labor occurs despite falling labor productivity in agriculture, which to begin with is lower than in industry and services, suggesting a reduction in real GDP.

<h3>Abstract</h3> This study provides new insights on the expression of bias through disparate treatment of students by race. Specifically, I examine racial discrepancies in teachers’ evaluations of student achievement, conditional on standardized test achievement. After correcting for measurement error in standardized test scores, results indicate that teachers evaluate Black students as higher achieving than White students with the same standardized test performance. This finding contrasts with previous research on Black-White teacher assessment gaps outside of the US. These results are consistent with multiple potential mechanisms, such as teachers holding lower expectations for Black students or bias embedded in standardized tests.