TP Vision (Belgium)

This paper presents a number of novel active fasteners developed to significantly lower disassembly costs during reconditioning, remanufacturing, and recycling of products. In the initial stage of the fastener development process, the applicability of distinct trigger signals for active disassembly (AD) is evaluated. Based on this evaluation, the high robustness of using a pressure increase or decrease as a nondestructive trigger for AD is demonstrated. Since previously proposed pressure-sensitive fasteners face considerable drawbacks upon implementation in electronic products due to the ongoing trend of miniaturization, a second generation of pressure-based active fasteners is developed. Evaluation of these fasteners by means of axiomatic design techniques and prototyping demonstrates that the presented snap-fits, which make use of a closed-cell elastomer foam, are most robust. Subsequently, the contraction forces that closed-celled foams can exert as a function of an increase in ambient air pressure are experimentally determined. Furthermore, the implementation of pressure-sensitive foam-based snap-fits in both a modem and a payment terminal is described. Results of these experiments demonstrate that the contraction force of a cross-linked metallocene polyethylene closed-cell foams can reach up to 6 N/cm2 at an overpressure of 2 bar and that the foam-based snap-fits can be released at a pressure increase of 2 bar.

This paper presents a methodology to measure the cost of congestion in cities and to identify levers of action tomanage traffic. The experimentation focuses on the ten largest Italian cities and considers the evolution between2007 and 2008. By taking into account the cost of fuel, the cost of CO2 emission and of cost of time spent intraffic due to congestion, the methodology allows to assess the socio-economic cost of congestion as a proxy ofthe net reduction of GDP induced by traffic. It appears that the variances from a city to another and the evolutionover a year can be significant: these differences point out that congestion is not an unavoidable consequence ofurbanization and can be dealt with.As a logical consequence of this measurement, the paper puts forward a proposal to address congestion in citythrough the implementation of a policy relying on the “pay as you pollute” principle: the flexible congestionrights. This incentive scheme would reflect the real externalities of car usage by considering the characteristic ofthe vehicles, of the journeys, and the effective use of public goods – roads and road related infrastructures. Itwould also provide rewards to environment friendly behaviors, while any surplus would be reinvested in thepublic transportation system. Thus, the mechanism would have the advantage of higher flexibility, making itmore effective, equitable, and capable to win political resistance than more traditional road pricing schemes.