Tashkent State Agrarian University

Soil contamination by toxic elements is one of the major environmental challenges affecting soil quality and ecosystem sustainability, particularly in arid regions. The accumulation of heavy metals in soils can disrupt nutrient cycling, reduce soil biological activity, and pose potential risks to agricultural productivity and human health. Therefore, assessing soil contamination and ecological condition is essential for sustainable land management. This study aimed to evaluate the ecological condition and soil quality of agricultural soils located in the Mehnatobod and Koklikol massifs of the Qo‘ng‘irot district in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The mechanical composition, agrochemical properties, salinity level, and heavy metal concentrations of soils were analyzed. In addition, SQI was calculated by integrating physicochemical soil indicators and ecological parameters into a single composite index. The results showed that the studied soils are characterized by relatively low humus content and limited nutrient availability. The analysis of chemical elements revealed that several metals exceeded permissible limits. In particular, arsenic (As) showed the highest contamination level, reaching values up to 40 times higher than the permissible limit. Chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and vanadium (V) concentrations exceeded permissible limits approximately twofold, while lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), and molybdenum (Mo) exceeded them by up to threefold. The calculated SQI values ranged from 49 to 55, indicating moderate soil quality levels. Although soil physicochemical properties were relatively stable, ecological indicators reduced the overall soil quality score. These findings highlight the importance of environmental monitoring and sustainable soil management practices to improve soil ecological conditions and maintain long-term agricultural productivity.

The dialectical unity of character and the human psyche, expressed artistically through the poetics of Adil Yakubov’s prose, is analyzed. This unity is based on the concept of character as an imaginary hero with a clearly defined will and psychological experiences, distinguished by individual characteristics. The problem of interpreting this colorful world is embodied in the formation of character. In fiction, particularly novels, the study of the world of images emphasizes aspects such as the elevation of heroes to the level of personae and their role in the development of events. It follows that the mastery of character creation is linked to the process of artistic discovery by the creator. The novels analyzed of Adil Yakubov place particular emphasis on reality, which serves as the basis for interpretation, the world of images, psychological experiences, and the processes of character development.

ABSTRACT Integrated Weed Management (IWM) through bio-organic approaches to control Phalaris minor is an alternative strategy to protect wheat. This novel approach synergistically integrates plant and bacterial allelopathy for dual action: weed suppression and wheat growth promotion. Firstly, the allelopathic potential of rice and sorghum extracts (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10%) against P. minor germination and growth was tested. Secondly, the promising levels (5.0 and 10%) of rice and sorghum were tested in pots. Pot study was divided into uninoculated (plant extracts) and inoculated (plant extracts and Pseudomonas consortia) sets with weed-free [control (-)] and weedy [control (+)] controls. Results depicted significantly improved dry biomass, chlorophyll index, CAT and APX activity, wheat yield and 100-grain weight by 38.1%, 23.4%, 87.6%, 83.8%, 95.0% and 90.7%, respectively, by integrated 10% rice extract (REA 10%) treatment. Similarly, a significant decline in P. minor germination (62.0%), dry biomass (66.4%), and 64.6 to 80.0% wheat grain recovery was observed. Moreover, 10% sorghum extract (SEA 10%) integration also showed P. minor reduction and wheat yield improvement. Therefore, it can be concluded that this bio-organic IWM strategy has improved wheat by suppressing P. minor and has proved as an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to chemicals for field-scale implications.

Abstract This study is devoted to the study of comprehensive strategies aimed at introducing and effectively using innovations in agriculture, with particular attention to their importance in the process of modern reforms in Uzbekistan. The rapid growth of the country’s agrarian economy and the implementation of several large-scale development projects increase the need for the effective use of innovative approaches based on new technologies, modern machinery and equipment, and specialists. This is of great importance for achieving high efficiency. The importance of innovation in agriculture is widely covered in modern scientific literature, including peer-reviewed articles and authors’ monographs. Such scientific and public interest in innovation demonstrates its growing role as one of the main factors of economic change. The important tasks were accomplished within the framework of the study: first, the concepts of “innovation” and “innovative activity” were explained and clarified in content; second, the specific features of innovation in agriculture were analyzed; at the third stage, the current state of the agricultural sector of Uzbekistan was assessed; fourth, the current trends and effects of innovation-based initiatives were studied; Finally, the institutional, technological and management mechanisms necessary to ensure sustainable innovation processes in the field were proposed. The obtained results serve as a valuable source for strengthening the innovation system in agriculture, decision-making in public policy, effective management in entrepreneurship, and future scientific research.

Personalized storytelling in elementary school increases participation and retention by tailoring stories to each student's individual interests and learning style. But today's schools aren't flexible enough to make lessons that are tailored to each student. This study's neural text generation model is based on an improved GPT-2 architecture. It uses learner profiles that include interest vector, reading level, and emotional tone. The model uses Byte Pair Encoding for input formatting and token-level conditioning, ensuring that the narrative it generates is relevant and coherent. When BLEU, METEOR, and human-rated engagement metrics are used to measure performance, the results are better than the baselines for general storytelling. Specifically, personalized outputs boosted participation 24% and understanding by 18% in experimental classroom environments. The results show that AI-powered personalized stories work well in preschool and kindergarten. This method enables adaptive learning systems to change based on each student's needs.

Classical phytochemical tests offer a rapid and reliable approach for detecting key bioactive compounds in Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Profiling plays a crucial role in establishing its therapeutic usefulness and future as a natural source of medicinal agents. The aim of this study is to formulate pharmacological standards for C. ambrosioides L., a medicinal plant from the Chenopodiaceae family, to verify its quality and authenticity in herbal compositions. The aerial portions were analyzed macroscopically and microscopically, and phytochemicals were detected. The leaves have serrated margins, a reticulate venation system, and a resinous surface. However, microscopic analysis was conducted on bifacial leaves with spongy parenchyma and distinct palisade (single-layered cylindrical cells), along with diacytic stomata predominantly on the lower epidermis. A palisade ratio of 5.6±0.43, a vein islet count of 14.8±2.65, and a vein termination count of 7.1±1.79. The stomatal indices of 16.44±1.69 (upper epidermis) and 18.67±2.39 (lower epidermis) were critical leaf constants. Reagents that included HNO3 (brick red), FeCl3 (purple), and NaOH (blackish purple) caused noticeable color shifts in fluorescence analysis under UV light, which helped with authenticity. The absence of proteins and alkaloids was confirmed, whereas phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, fixed oils, and volatile oils. Besides, the results recommend the use of C. ambrosioides in traditional and contemporary herbal medicine in the long term through the provision of the necessary reference data in the identification, standardization, and quality control of the substance. The focus on the therapeutic role of the plant, as well as herbal markets' concerns about adulteration, makes the study an interlink between traditional and scientific findings.

Cotton ( Gossypium spp.) is a globally cultivated climate resilience fiber crop known for its potential to produce substantial biomass and yield in stress environments. However, its production requires a huge amount of chemicals, bringing harm to the environment and ecosystem services. Field studies during the 2023–2024 growing seasons were focused on agronomic parameters of cotton in response to nano (Si and Uzbi) and three chemical fertilizer regimes (N 150 P 105 K 75 ; N 200 P 140 K 100 ; N 250 P 175 K 125 ) under arid condition of Uzbekistan. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. The application of nano Si improved nutrients uptake and yield parameters of cotton under open-field arid environment due to a positive synergism between nano and chemical fertilization. The effect of Si nano compound was more pronounced at the lower fertilizer regime (N 150 P 105 K 75 ), exhibiting the increase of cotton yield by 31.3% and 1000 seed weight by 5.32% than those in the control. On the other hand, the Uzbi treatment exhibited high efficacy at the intermediate fertilizer level (N 200 P 140 K 100 ), enhancing total cotton biomass by 12.9% and total yield by 26.3% relative to the control. The Si nano was found to be relatively efficient in terms of NUE, crop yield and may help reduce the reliance on excessive chemicals in current climate changing scenario. This study explored the cost-effective pathways toward more sustainable cotton production through the synergistic combination of nano and chemical fertilizers in irrigated arid agricultural regions.