Tatar Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture

There have been studied adaptability, stability, and breeding value of winter wheat varieties developed by the Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture in the northern regions of the Middle Volga region. The current study was conducted on gray forest soil from 2020 to 2024. There were used sowing dates and seeding rates generally accepted for the region. The most favorable spring-summer growing conditions were observed in 2020 (HTC = 1.09) and 2022 (HTC = 1.23). In 2023 and 2024, there were conditions with insufficient moisture where the HTC was 0.86 and 0.72, respectively. The year of 2021 was characterized by the driest conditions during the spring-summer vegetation period (HTC = 0.45). The varieties produced large average yields in favorable years of 2020 (5.55 t/ha) and 2022 (4.49 t/ha), while there was a minimum productivity in the dry year of 2021 (2.81 t/ha). There have been identified highly productive varieties Ilvina and Saban, with maximum average yields over the years of study (4.36 t/ha and 4.23 t/ha, respectively) under various growing conditions. There has been established that the greatest impact on productivity was due to weather conditions during the years of study (89.56%), while the genotype of the studied varieties had a lesser influence (6.62%). Among the winter wheat varieties developed at the Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture, the varieties Ilvina (0.556), Saban (0.425), and Darina (0.125) demonstrated positive values of general adaptive capacity. The varieties Darina (1.947), Ilvina (1.876), and Saban (1.561) have also demonstrated the best values for specific adaptive capacity. These varieties were less stable and produced higher yields under improved growing conditions. The highest values of the genotype breeding value were demonstrated by the varieties Universiada (2.14), Saban (2.12), and Ilvina (2.05), which could be recommended for production.

Abstract The studied case addresses oil production decline in a field characterized by complex geology and challenging waterflood monitoring. A notable example is the oil rim reservoir, where water mobility significantly exceeds oil mobility due to high relative permeability. Despite low drawdown values at horizontal producers, partial aquifer support, and existing pressure maintenance facilities, oil production rates decline sharply. The objective of the study was to reconstruct the history, pace, and future trends of formation pressure decline and to propose waterflood optimization strategies. A machine learning-based approach was applied to design these activities and enhance oil recovery. Conventional production history was supplemented with deconvolved cross-well interference signals derived from long-term pressure records collected by permanent downhole gauges. Modern dynamic data interpretation techniques were used to assess dynamic skin factors and pressure depletion patterns. In addition, reservoir permeability and coning gradients were calculated, and open-hole logs were reinterpreted to identify geological features influencing well performance. Machine learning models trained on historical data uncovered subtle reservoir behavior and supported decision-making in areas such as waterflood monitoring, stimulation potential, and pressure maintenance. The study made extensive use of AI for well and reservoir analysis, contributing to the development of new methodologies for extracting true mechanical skin factor in composite environments, predicting water encroachment based on skin factor dynamics, and calculating optimal drawdowns for horizontal producers. Cross-well pressure transient analysis confirmed that the pay zone is connected to an aquifer—even during early production stages when water had not yet reached the wells. A large aquifer at the base and edges of the pay zone creates a composite system that can give the illusion of high skin around producers. This effect was carefully accounted for when calculating the true mechanical skin factor, which remained elevated—indicating potential for near-wellbore stimulation. A decreasing skin factor over time was found to be a reliable indicator of approaching water encroachment. This insight enabled preemptive measures, such as redistributing injection volumes, to delay water breakthrough and reduce the risk of increased operating costs or expensive remediation. The study introduced an empirical method to calculate optimal drawdown pressure values for each well individually and recommended redirecting injection efforts toward zones with more rapid pressure decline. Most of the proposed activities—including adjustments to injection and production targets, as well as targeted reservoir stimulations—were successfully implemented in the field. The observed production increase aligned closely with the study's forecasts, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

The efficiency of livestock farming, especially dairy farming, in the context of global warming is determined by a complex of factors: climatic conditions (heat stress), feed base, physiological state of animals and their genetic adaptability. Elevated temperatures provoke complex disorders in cattle, including metabolic disorders and decreased productivity. Against the background of climate change, the impact of heat stress on cattle is a serious problem for animal husbandry. The objective of the review: to consider the signs of adaptive qualities and thermotolerance of cattle. In the context of climate change, heat stress in cattle is becoming a major concern for the livestock industry. Studies of domestic and foreign authors show that when the temperature-humidity index (THI) exceeds the threshold value (> 66), animals experience physiological disorders (increase in rectal temperature, increased respiration, etc.), behavioral changes (decreased activity, reduced feed intake, etc.), biochemical shifts (increased cortisol, increased ketone bodies, etc.), and biochemical changes (increased cortisol, increased ketone bodies, etc.). ), biochemical shifts (increase in cortisol, increase in ketone bodies, etc.), decrease in productivity (decrease in milk yield, decrease in fat and protein mass fraction, change in fatty acid composition, decrease in live weight gain), deterioration of reproductive functions (decrease in fertilizability, and deterioration in sperm motility). Genetic studies have identified key markers of thermotolerance, including genes for heat shock proteins and factors (HSP and HSF), antioxidant enzymes, immunity and metabolism genes. However, selection is complicated by antagonism between productivity and stress tolerance. To minimize the consequences of negative effects of heat stress, it is recommended to control microclimate (ventilation, cooling) in livestock buildings, optimize feeding (introduction of antioxidant and vitamin supplements) and apply, along with traditional breeding methods, genetic selection using GWAS-analysis.

The study was conducted in 2018-2019 in the Republic of Tatarstan to assess the dynamics of total and water-soluble pentosans accumulation at different stages of grain formation to develop methods for breeding rye with a given level of these polysaccharides. The material for the study was six varieties of winter rye (Tatarskaya 1, Radon, Pamyati Kunakbaeva, Podarok, Ogonek, Marusenka). Grain samples were collected at the milk, wax, full and physiological (10 days after harvesting) maturity phases. From the middle part of the ear of each variety, 600 grains were isolated, separated by the morphological and histological method into the embryo, endosperm and shells for subsequent analysis of pentosans. The monosaccharide composition was determined by the method of high-performance anion exchange chromatography, the content of total and water-soluble pentosans - by the orcinol chloride method, the viscosity of the aqueous extract - on a sinusoidal viscometer. The content of oligo- and polysaccharides in aqueous extracts of rye meal was 52 ... 74% of the total amount of extracted carbohydrates. The amount of xylose in the varieties Tatarskaya 1, Radon and Pamyati Kunakbaeva was at the level of 14 ... 16 mg/ml, Ogonek, Podarok and Marusenka - 9 ... 11 mg/ml. The viscosity of the extracts correlated with the level of water-soluble pentosans (r = 0.972 and r = 0.615 in 2018 and 2019). The share of arabinoxylans in grain hulls increased from milk (34.3%) to physiological maturity (39.8%). The study revealed significant varietal differences in the accumulation of pentosans and their spatiotemporal dynamics in grain. The level of total pentosans in the endosperm decreased from 7% (milk ripeness) to 4.3% (physiological maturity), in the embryo - from 14.5% (wax ripeness) to 13.5% (physiological maturity). In the hulls, the water-soluble pentosans content decreased from milk to full maturity (from 5.04% to 3.15%), but increased to 3.9% by physiological maturity. The peak concentration of water-soluble pentosans in the endosperm and embryo was observed at full ripeness (4.8% and 2.6%, respectively), after which it decreased towards physiological maturity.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), secreted in the liver, is one of the major elements of the somatotropic axis, is involved in numerous physiological processes, and plays a role in the control of lactation, mammary gland development, and the formation of important performance traits such as growth and reproductive traits. The associations of IGF-1 gene polymorphism (T → C 512) have been studied and evaluated with economically useful traits in different breeds of dairy and beef cattle. The study carried out on the population of Holstein cows and Holstein and Holsteinized bullssires allowed to establish that the identified populations are polymorphic, the animals are represented by three genotypes of IGF-1 gene. The frequency of occurrence of IGF-1 gene genotypes in the cow population amounted to: AA - 24.7 %, AB and BB - 55.6 and 27.3 %, and in bulls-sires: AA – 31.3 %, AB – 49.3 % and BB – 19.4 %. In both cases, the predominance of the “normal” allele over the “mutant” allele was observed, with the A allele prevailing over the B allele to a greater extent in the group of breeding bulls. The analysis of literature data indicates that the frequency of alleles (A and B) and genotypes (AA, AB and BB) in populations shows variation depending on breed, direction of productivity and habitat of cattle.

The aim of the work was to provide a population genetic characteristic of the Kholmogorsky breed of the Tatarstan type of the Republic of Tatarstan for the MC4R gene (melanocortin 4 receptor). As a result of genotyping by the PCR-RFLP method for the MC4R - HpySE526I gene locus, 2 alleles and 3 genotypes were identified. The frequency of alleles: C - 0.434 and G - 0.566; and frequency of genotypes: CC - 20.9, CG - 45.0 and GG - 34.1%. The chi-square test (χ²) showed that the studied population the Hardy–Weinberg genetic equilibrium is not disturbed. A negative Selender coefficient (D) indicates outbreeding in the population. Monitoring of works on studying the polymorphism of the gene 1069C˃G (Leu286Val) shows a significant variability in the ratio of polymorphic forms of the MC4R gene in different cattle populations depending on their geographic and breed affiliation. On average, for all the considered cattle breeds of the world populations, the frequency of alleles of the MC4R gene is 0.537 and 0.463 for the allele C and G, respectively. The ratio of the CC, CG and GG genotypes of the MC4R gene for all analyzed cattle populations averaged 32.5, 42.3 and 25.2%. The analysis carried out using the data of foreign scientists and the results obtained in our study characterizes the world populations of cattle as genetically biodiverse, possessing genetic polymorphism for the MC4R gene with a high degree of heterozygosity. This research was supported by FASO Russia project, registration number 122011800138-7.

Relevance. The quality of milk depends on the season of the year, the breed of animals, the state of metabolism, and the characteristics of feeding and maintenance technology. The quality of milk determines its technological properties and the quality of its processed products.Methods. The content of somatic cells in milk, the acidity of milk, cottage cheese, yogurt, and syneresis of yogurt were determined. In milk processing products, the content of the mass fraction of nitrogen and crude protein, crude ash, calcium, and phosphorus was determined.Results. When feeding cows with the yeast probiotic activated zeolite and the phytoprobiotic “Provitol”, a significant decrease in the content of somatic cells in freshly milked milk of cows was established by 13.02% (p < 0.05). Significantly lower milk acidity values were established (by 6.00% (p < 0.001) and 12.79% (p < 0.001), respectively), significantly higher yogurt acidity values (by 6.00% (p < 0.001) and 12.79% (p < 0.001), respectively, significantly lower yogurt syneresis (by 4.70% (p < 0.001) and 3.10% (p < 0.01), respectively). The use of activated zeolite and yeast probiotic “Kluver Pro” in the diets leads to a significantly higher content (compared with the control) of the mass fraction of fat in cottage cheese and yogurt — by 10.47 abs. % (p < 0.001) and 4.58 abs. % (p < 0.001).

Abstract. The article considers the issues of rational use of grass of steppe phytocenoses in their pasture use; the correspondence of pasture capacity and the number of grazed livestock. The purpose of the study is to assess the current state of steppe communities used as pasture lands for grazing existing livestock of large and small cattle and to propose ways to optimize pasture livestock breeding in the arid territory of the Stavropol Territory. Methods. A statistical analysis of the number of cattle and small cattle in the study area was carried out. The expeditionary study of natural herbages was carried out in 2021–2023 on accounting sites (100 m2) according to the requirements of methods generally accepted in phytocenology. The results of the study. Statistical analysis showed that by the beginning of 2000, the number of sheep in the territory under consideration had decreased by 2.6 times, and cattle by 1.6 times. In subsequent years, with the gradual recovery of the livestock industry from the crisis, a steady increase in the number of small and large cattle was noted in this zone to 1306.1 and 74.8 thousand heads, respectively. It was revealed that the vegetation of natural lands used in pasture farming in the arid zone of the Stavropol Territory is secondary, stunted and monotonous in terms of flora composition and plant associations. The capacity of the pasture lands does not correspond to the feed needs of the grazed livestock. At the moment, the shortage of pasture feed is 323.7 thousand tons of feed units. On such pasture lands, animals do not receive food in sufficient quantities. It is recommended to optimize pasture management by limiting the pasture load and bringing the number of grazed livestock in line with the feed capacity of pasture lands. This will help to provide the existing livestock with food that meets their regulatory needs. Scientific novelty. New data have been obtained on the current state of steppe communities in the arid territory of the Stavropol Territory and the correspondence of the number of grazed livestock to the pasture capacity.

Electrochemical processes of electrolysis of solutions belong to heterogeneous processes, their most intensive development and flow occurs at the interface, namely at the contact line between the metal electrode and the liquid electrolyte. The paper describes an algorithm for solving the objective of calculating hydrogen evolution during electrolysis of alkaline electrolyte in one-dimensional approximation. This numerical algorithm makes it possible to predict the hydrogen yield, to find the rates of constants in electrode processes, as well as we calculate the concentrations of substances involved in electrode processes and their spatial distribution. The algorithm consists of two blocks. The first block is an independent objective to find rate constants of processes. Kinetic objectives make it possible to find rate constants of near-electrode processes and to estimate contributions of near-electrode processes. The second block is the solution of initial-boundary and boundary value objectives in the “one-dimensional” approximation. The difference schemes for solving these objectives are constructed by the integrointerpolation method on a uniform grid, and an explicit difference scheme is used for solving the initial-boundary objectives of the charged particle balance. Calculation of the amount of separated gas showed good convergence both at the cathode (hydrogen) and at the anode (oxygen). The calculation of the spatial ones showed characteristic gradients, i.e., rather qualitative convergence.

Relevance. Potatoes are one of the most important food crops in the Russian Federation and CIS countries. For the normal growth and development of the potato plant, it is necessary to provide sufficient nutrition elements. The modern direction is the selection of drugs based on natural sources that improve the mineral nutrition of plants and meet environmental requirements, which is relevant.Methods. Determination of the effectiveness of the use of organomineral fertilizer Adgelar for foliar top dressing of potato tubers. The objects of the study were potatoes of the Salsa variety and the organomineral fertilizer Adgelar. The experiment was carried out on gray forest soil.Results. It was revealed that foliar fertilization with Adgelar fertilizer contributed to increasing yields and improving the quality of potato tubers of the Salsa variety. The increase in potato yield was 17.5% at a dose of 0.3 l/ ha, 23.2% at a dose of 0.75 l/ha, 31.0% at a dose of 1.2 l/ha. With the use of fertilizer, the number of tubers increased (from 1 m²) by 16 17.8%, the average mass of commercial tubers (from 1 m²) – by 16.3–34.8% compared to the control. The share of the seed fraction of tubers increased by 1.5–6.2%, food – by 1.1–3.2%. The starch content in the dry matter increased (by 8.2–11%). There was a decrease in vitamin C by 7–18% compared to the control. In the variants with fertilizer in doses of 0.3 l/ha and 1.2 l/ha, nitrate nitrogen was higher by 10 and 49 mg, respectively.