Tatarstan Academy of Sciences

Extracellular vesicles produced by mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, are key mediators of intercellular communication and have attracted increasing attention in recent years as potential therapeutic agents for neurological disorders. Predominantly preclinical investigations, including in vitro and animal model studies, demonstrate that MSC-EVs can enhance axonal growth, promote regeneration of nerve fibers and remyelination, and modulate inflammatory processes in injured nervous tissue. These effects have been observed across multiple neurological conditions, including spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis, though primarily in experimental settings. Owing to their ability to carry biologically active molecules and to cross the blood–brain barrier, MSC-EVs have shown potential as vehicles for targeted delivery of therapeutic molecules to the central nervous system. However, the overwhelming majority of evidence remains preclinical, and clinical translation is limited by the scarcity of completed, rigorously controlled human trials. To advance toward clinical application, further research is required to standardize methods for vesicle isolation, characterization, and delivery, establish optimal dosing regimens, and develop robust quality control standards. A more comprehensive understanding of MSC-EVs signaling mechanisms may facilitate the future development of therapeutic strategies, contingent upon rigorous validation in well-designed clinical studies.

The article presents the results of a biographical study of Nikolai Petrovich Ostroumov (1846–1930), an educator, missionary, scientist, one of the first researchers of the Turkestan region, a teacher at the Kazan Theological Academy, Turkestan Teachers' Seminary, and director of the Tashkent Men's Gymnasium. Historical and biographical analysis, as well as methods of systematic and integrated analysis, allowed us to create a holistic picture of Russia's integration policy in the second half of the twentieth century. 19th – early 20th century and to determine the role of N. P. Ostroumov in this process. Based on a wide range of sources, his contribution to the development of the system of national primary and secondary education of non-Russian peoples in pre-revolutionary Russia (fraternal missionary schools, Russian-native schools), to the training of national intellectuals, religious figures and specialists is characterized. In the context of the historical events of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, the scientific, pedagogical, missionary and educational activities of N. P. Ostroumov in the Volga region, the Urals and Central Asia are considered. It is concluded that the multifaceted activities of N. P. Ostroumov contributed to the socio- and ethnocultural integration of the peoples of Russia into the all-Russian space.

The article is devoted to the study of managerial possibilities of using digital consumer footprints in the system of increasing operational efficiency and product quality of enterprises. In the context of the digital transformation of the economy, traditional management methods based primarily on retrospective reporting and periodic analysis of market indicators are insufficient to respond in a timely manner to changes in consumer behavior and market conditions [1]. Digital footprints formed in the process of consumer interaction with goods, services and digital communication channels are considered in the article as an independent management resource integrated into the operational management and product quality management system [2]. The purpose of the research is to develop a conceptual approach and a logical model for using digital consumer footprints to improve operational efficiency and product quality based on key management indicators. The work shows that the systematic use of digital footprints helps to reduce transaction costs, increase the adaptability of management decisions and focus product quality on the real needs of the market [3].

Background. At the turn of the XXth–XXIst centuries, Tatar drama entered a phase of active genre renewal. The plays of Ilgiz Zainiev constitute a significant segment of contemporary Tatar drama; however, a systematic scholarly analysis of his works remains an unmet need in the field. The core research problem lies in the necessity to conceptualize his genre innovation within the broader context of the development of national drama. This article contributes to the study of genre modifications in modern Tatar drama and may prove valuable for research in theater studies and literary criticism. The purposeof this work is to identify the genre distinctiveness of I. Zainiev's drama. The research objectives are as follows: to identify the key characteristics of his dramatic works; to analyze the genre-specific features of his drama; and to examine how, through domestic plots and innovative forms, the playwright addresses issues of national identity and humankind's spiritual quest. Materials and methods.Structural-semantic and genre-typological methods are used to systematically study I. Zainiev's plays. Results.The key aspect determining the scientific novelty of the proposed analysis is the phenomenon of the author's genre creation. The playwright consistently constructs hybrid genre models–the “sad comedy,” the psychological drama with elements of parable, and the synthetic comedy integrating media –formatswhich requires their systematic description and typology. This synthesis is not mechanical, but rather creates organic artistic unities, where the comic element does not negate but, on the contrary, enhances the dramatic depth, and the everyday plot acquires a philosophical resonance. The author focuses on the inner world of the “little man” facing the challenges of the times, whether the problem of preserving cultural identity, a generational divide, or a crisis in personal relationships. A favorite artistic device is play, through the prism of which grotesque images of reality are created, revealing its absurdity and contradictions.

The sanctions restrictions imposed on the Russian economy have predetermined the risks of reduced control and blocking cross-border financial channels for international payments. Under these circumstances, an important element of the state’s economic policy is the development of adaptation solutions that ensure the ability to minimize the risks associated with transformation of foreign economic activity. One of the mechanisms that forms the basis for solving this problem is the use of decentralized finance (DeFi) in the practice of international settlements. Meanwhile, it should be noted that in this area of financial and economic relations today there are a number of open issues — ranging from the conceptual framework to the impact of these fintech-innovations on the prospects for the stability of national financial systems and economic development in general. These issues acquire a special level of relevance at the regional level. The subject of the study is the prospects and mechanisms for using DeFi tools in the system of cross-border payments within the region. The object of the study is the foreign trade operations of the Republic of Tatarstan with the People’s Republic of China. The purpose of the study is to develop and test methodological approaches for assessing the potential impact of fintech DeFi tools on the organization foreign economic activity in the region on the stability of gross GRP dynamics. The authors used methods of cointegration analysis, scenario modeling, substantiation of the studied patterns using regression analysis methods, etc. The information and statistical basis for the study were derived from data from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, the National Bureau of Statistics of China, as well as data from the territorial statistical authority of the Republic of Tatarstan. The study resulted in the systematization of the macroeconomic effects of using DeFi technologies for organizing international payments. A series of macroeconomic models have been developed that made it possible to identify and justify the potential for economic growth in the region through the practical application of DeFi tools in the system of organizing transnational settlements under sanction restrictions.

The aim of the study is to identify the main speech acts in which future tense forms function in French and Tatar languages. The article reveals the pragmatic potential of future tense forms. It is shown that in both languages, future tense forms are actively involved in the realization of speech acts. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that, for the first time, speech acts in which future tense grammatical forms typically function have been identified, and their characteristics in Tatar and French have been determined. As a result of the study, five most typical speech acts were identified: promise, prediction, command, threat, and prospective praise. In Tatar, the definite future form dominates in the realization of speech acts of promise and threat; this form also prevails in expressing prediction and command, while in the act of praise, they are equally represented. In French, the simple future predominates in the realization of speech acts of promise, prediction, and threat; in the speech act of command, the immediate future is more involved, while in the act of praise, they are equally represented. In French, negative future tense forms are more frequently used, whereas in Tatar, they are observed only when expressing an act of threat. In Tatar, future tense forms are more actively involved in the realization of speech acts of prediction, threat, and promise than in French.

Increasing urbanization and motorization are leading to a shortage of parking spaces, resulting in congestion, increased emissions, and a declining quality of life. Traditional methods of parking management methods are ineffective for addressing this issue, necessitating the use of data analysis and forecasting tools. This paper examines the use of a digital twin of the Kazan parking system. Data were filtered and integrated, points of interest were clustered, and a correlation analysis of factors influencing parking occupancy was performed. Linear regression, decision tree, random forest, XGBoost, MLP, and LSTM models were trained and compared to predict occupancy levels. The random forest model demonstrated the best results. The developed digital twin prototype enables monitoring and scenario modeling, making it an effective tool for parking space optimization and management decision-making.

This article is devoted to the analysis of an attempt to establish a consular representation of the Ottoman Empire in Kazan in the 1870s. Based on the archival materials and academic literature, the study examines the initiative of Kazan Tatars who were subjects of the Ottoman Empire, the response of the Ottoman embassy, as well as the motivations behind the petition and the reasons for its rejection. The article is grounded in previously unpublished sources, including a petition and the correspondence of Ottoman diplomatic institutions on this matter. The relevance of this research lies in the insufficiently explored topic of the Ottoman Empire’s diplomatic presence in the Muslim regions of Russia, as well as the need for a deeper understanding of the transnational initiatives of Muslim communities in the second half of the 19 th century. The analysis of the Kazan Tatars’ petition for the establishment of a consulate not only introduces unique sources into academic circulation but also contributes to the existing understanding of Ottoman-Russian relations and the role of the Muslim factor in imperial diplomacy.

Introduction. Currently, scientific interest in the representatives of the Crimean Tatar noble class has increased, and more and more attention is being paid to the topic of the daily life of the Muslim elite of Crimea in different periods of time. The range of issues studied in the article is an unexplored aspect in the history of the Taurida province in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The article examines the Murz estate of Crimea in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the eyes of its contemporary, Ismail Bey Gasprinsky, a reformist teacher and publisher who had a significant impact on the development of culture, education and public life of the majority of the Turkic-Muslim peoples of the Russian Empire. The goal of the research is to explore those aspects of social and private life of this class that most comprehensively inform about their hobbies, interests and lifestyle in general. It is these components that are vivid expressions of the spirit of the era and help to better understand the peculiarities of the daily life of representatives of noble Crimean Tatar families.The Materials and Methods. General scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative historical and problem-chronological methods have been used in the research. The research is based on unpublished sources, such as articles from the newspaper Terjiman, as well as books stored in the Bakhchisarai Museum-Reserve.The Results. In accordance with the principles of historicism and objectivity, the author was the first to introduce previously unpublished sources on the history of the Crimean Tatar nobility into scientific circulation.Discussion and Conclusion. The social life of the Crimean Murz have been examined: attending official events, participating in agricultural exhibitions, charity events. The leisure time of the Crimean Tatar elite, wedding celebrations and entertainment have been considered. It’s been concluded that the intellectual heritage of the enlightener I. Gasprinsky is not only a valuable source on the history of the formation and development of national periodicals and the education system of the Turkic-Muslim population of the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but also provides insight into the virtually unexplored world of daily life in the Crimean Murz.

Динамическое исследование транспортной отрасли региона убедительно демонстрирует масштабное воздействие современных цифровых технологий на развитие региональной экономики. За период с 2020 по 2024 годы наблюдается значительный рост показателей грузооборота региональных перевозок: с 340,8 млн т-км до 899,3 млн т-км. При этом, несмотря на временный спад транспортной активности в 2021 году, общий тренд остается положительным. Параметры транспортировки грузов также продемонстрировали устойчивый рост — с 4 296,4 тыс. тонн до 5 890,9 тыс. тонн, что свидетельствует об увеличении транспортной доступности в регионе. Существенные инвестиции в технологическую модернизацию позволили внедрить инновационные решения и цифровые инструменты в процессы логистики. В результате произошла эффективная оптимизация управленческих схем, повысилась прозрачность логистических операций и снизились операционные затраты предприятий, что в целом способствовало укреплению экономического потенциала региона. Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia. Saltaev2012@mail.ru Abstract. Dynamic research of the region’s transport sector clearly demonstrates the considerable impact of modern digital technologies on regional economic development. Over the period from 2020 to 2024, there has been significant growth in the freight turnover of regional transportation — from 340.8 million ton-kilometers to 899.3 million ton-kilometers. Despite a temporary decline in transport activity in 2021, the overall trend remains positive. Cargo transportation figures have also shown steady growth — from 4,296.4 thousand tons to 5,890.9 thousand tons, which indicates improved transport accessibility in the region. Substantial investments in technological modernization have made it possible to introduce innovative solutions and digital tools into logistics processes. As a result, management schemes have been effectively optimized, transparency of logistics operations has increased, and enterprises’ operating costs have decreased, which overall has contributed to strengthening the region’s economic potential.