Tavria State Agrotechnological University

Using sunflower oil as an example, the possibility of deodorizing oils using a new method has been proven - by chemically transforming aldehydes and ketones that are part of their composition. As a result, the taste and smell of oil is depersonalized. Rational conditions of low-temperature deodorization were established: temperature - 90℃, duration - 16 minutes, amount of ethyl alcohol - 2%, amount of catalyst (concentrated sulfuric acid) - 0.05%. The impact of low-temperature deodorization on the levels of oxidation products in sunflower oil has been investigated. A significant decrease in the content of peroxides and aldehydes, as well as the disappearance of rancidity, has been proven. It has been proven that esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and esters of glycidyl are not formed during low-temperature deodorization. Also, in the proposed method there is no need to heat fats to ≥200℃, no hot steam is used.

Modeling of energy storage systems is a very important condition for the development of energy storage systems. This article shows the development and modeling of a battery energy storage system (BESS) in MATLAB Simulink, which is aimed at settling peak loads in the grid. This model allows us to visualize the key parameters of the system, including the state of charge (SOC), the load profile before and after the implementation of the BESS, and the efficiency of peak load balancing. This, in turn, makes it possible to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the system and assess the feasibility of its implementation. The presented model can be used as a tool for further research, optimization of the storage device size, and feasibility study of BESS implementation in distributed energy systems.

The paper presents a comparative analysis of fiscal policy impacts on sustainable development in Ukraine and Croatia.It introduces an integrated tax index combining economic, social, and environmental indicators to assess fiscal effectiveness.Using statistical data from 2017-2024 and forecasts for 2025, regression and index analysis methods to evaluate the dynamics of tax revenues, GDP, and tax burden has been applied.The findings reveal significant volatility in Ukraine's fiscal indicators due to the war, while Croatia demonstrates gradual recovery and stability aligned with EU standards.The developed index enables cross-country comparison and identifies priority areas for policy reform.Results highlight that Croatia's experience offers practical insights for improving Ukraine's fiscal sustainability during post-war recovery.

Under warm climate conditions it is possible, and this has been proved by the results of multiple field experimental studies, to grow the winter varieties of sunflower. Considering that sunflower is the most widespread and important technical (oil) crop, widely used in the production of oil for food and technical purposes, its cultivation should be of the utmost importance and perspective. However, in general, successful cultivation of sunflower, both regular varieties and winter crops, depends on many natural and climatic factors, such as temperature, amount of heat during the growing season, availability of moisture, soil type and crop rotation used, as well as the required plant nutrition rate. Our experimental agronomic field studies have shown positive results, allowing us to recommend this particular type of crop, i.e. autumn-sown sunflower, for mass production. However, the technology of growing the winter sunflower has a number of its own features. Thus, there is a need for pre-sowing treatment of its seeds with a water-repellent preparation at a soil temperature, not exceeding 2-3 ºC. Sowing should exclude the process of soil compaction by a seed drill rolling devices, which eliminates rapid seed germination. The results of the field measurements showed that, in contrast to the conventional varieties, the autumn-sown sunflower plants do not have significant differences in the uniformity of their arrangement in the rows of crops, which indicates almost the same germination, as well as in the height of the plants themselves. The results of statistical evaluation showed that at a statistical significance level of 0.05 it was established that the null hypothesis about the equality of the mean values and variances of the fluctuations of these parameters for both types of sunflowers is not significantly rejected. Yet, other measurements showed that the diameter of the autumn-sown sunflower heads is on average 1.32 cm larger than that of the regular ones. Therefore, it has been established that the dispersion and frequency of oscillations of this parameter are higher. On the whole, according to the results of the conducted field experimental study, it turned out that the yield of the autumn-sown sunflower, recorded at a statistical significance level of 0.05, was 2.6 cwt·ha-1 higher. If we take into account the fact that the harvesting period for the autumn-sown sunflower is earlier, on average by 40 days, then the efficiency of its production is more than obvious.

In recent years, education in Ukraine has undergone significant changes. The COVID-19 pandemic and the armed aggression of the Russian Federation have accelerated the implementation of digital learning, and higher education institutions have begun to use global learning management systems to organize theeducational process.The study uses a comprehensive approach to the literature review, based on scientific research related to educational innovations and digital transformation. The results of the research identify the main aspects of the relationship between educational innovations and digital transformation, and offer potential opportunities for improving teaching and learning practices in higher education institutions.The study emphasizes that educational innovations and digital transformation are important ways to create a reliable, flexible and globally competitive education system in Ukraine.

Aim. To determine the dependence of soil moisture accumulation and soybean grain yield on tillage and fertilizer system in chernozem podzolized medium loamy soil. Methods. The field research was conducted in a 4-field crop rotation during 2019-2022 on chernozem podzolized medium loamy soil. The research methods used were field, laboratory, statistical and comparative-calculated. Results. The available moisture reserves in the 0-40 cm soil layer at the BBCH stage of 61-65 soybean under the influence of fertilization and tillage systems of different soils are presented. The peculiarities of soybean productivity formation under the influence of shelf and conservation tillage on mineral and organic-mineral fertilizers are established. Conclusions. The maximum amount of available moisture in the 0-40 cm soil layer was found against the background of organic-mineral fertilizer under chisel (34.9 mm) and differentiated (35.4) tillage systems. The highest soybean productivity (2.49 and 2.55 t/ha) was recorded under conditions of mineral and organic-mineral fertilization in combination with chisel tillage. In the flowering phase, an average correlation between grain yield and available moisture reserves in the soil layer 0-40 cm was found under mineral fertilizer (r = 0.66) and a weak one under organic-mineral fertilizer (r = 0.36). The most significant influence on the formation of soybean grain yield was the fertilizer system, the share of which was 62.5% (P ≤ 0.05). The results of this study can significantly deepen the understanding of sustainable soil resource management and strengthen the adaptation of agriculture to climate challenges.

Abstract The efficiency of the existing technologies for pre-sowing seed treat-ment, ensuring the high quality of seed material along with its proper clearing and sorting, has been analysed. One effective solution is the introduction of electrical technologies, the complexity of which lies in the scientific sophistication and the variety of tasks they address. The authors propose an electrotechnological complex (ETC) for pre-sowing seed treatment, which includes a working chamber, where charged grain is fed, while aerosol is delivered through adjustable sprinklers directed toward the seed flow, allowing for control over the spray stroke length. When the freely falling charged seeds enter the cloud of oppositely charged aerosol, they become intensively coated with the working solution. The degree of coverage depends on the length of the working chamber, the potential difference between the grain flow and the sprinklers, and the concentration of the aerosol cloud. Given the relative complexity of the process and the presence of multiple disturbances, optimisation can only be achieved through automation. The main objective of the paper is to study the stability and functional quality of the automated ETC for pre-sowing grain treatment with aerosol. To achieve this, a structural and functional algorithmic scheme has been developed, outlining the composition of its elements, signal direction, and the functional purpose of each component. This scheme facilitated the development of a system simulation model. The paper presents calculated results for key performance indicators of the ETC, with values aligning with those typical for this class of systems. A key advantage of this research is the proposed system for optimal correlation of all element characteristics and parameters of the automated object, ensuring stability and high performance.

The study systematizes and generalizes the regulatory and legal framework as well as the methodological foundations for calculating the minimum tax liability for agricultural producers, emphasizing the specific features of its application to different categories of taxpayers. The key role of administering the minimum tax liability within the structure of state tax policy and its impact on the tax burden of agricultural enterprises is identified. A detailed analysis of the practical aspects of implementing this taxation mechanism has been conducted, allowing for an assessment of its effectiveness in the context of financial decentralization and increasing transparency in the agricultural sector. The research findings indicate a positive trend in the formalization of agricultural production, contributing to the growth of tax revenues to local budgets, the creation of equal economic conditions, and enhanced competitiveness among all categories of agricultural enterprises. Strategic directions for improving the administration mechanism of the minimum tax liability have been proposed, particularly through enhancing tax control efficiency, refining the methodology for calculating the tax base, and optimizing interaction mechanisms between tax authorities and agricultural business entities. The study concludes that further development of the regulatory framework governing the minimum tax liability is necessary, taking into account global trends in fiscal policy and the specific characteristics of the national agricultural sector. It is noted that the implementation of the proposed measures will contribute to strengthening tax discipline, enhancing the economic resilience of agricultural enterprises, and fostering a fair competitive environment within the agricultural industry.

Wood is an important construction material, but a significant problem hindering its widespread use is susceptibility to biodeterioration and biodegradation. To protect wood against degradation, a surface coating can be used, and it is important to be able to predict the ability of the coating to prevent fungal growth. The currently available standard method to determine the antifungal efficiency of a coating has two weaknesses, viz. no evaluation of the moisture content in the wood material, and no possibility to study antifungal effect of the coating towards an individual fungus. A new quantitative method of determining the antifungal efficiency of coatings is therefore proposed, where a coating is applied to wood and exposed to an individual fungus in a Petri dish. Six commercial water-based coatings containing synthetic biocides were studied on filter paper (EN 15457) and with the new test method on wood blocks. The results show the importance of studying the antifungal efficiency of a coating using individual fungi instead of a mixture of fungi, since individual fungi interact differently with a given biocide in the coating. The moisture content of the wood substrate during the test was affected by how the fungus was established on the coating. This new test approach shows promise in screening the antifungal efficiency of wood coatings containing preservative substances applied to wood material surfaces.