The Royal College Of Anesthesiologists Of Thailand

Bifunctional electrodes that catalyze both the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) as well as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are particularly relevant for integrated systems that simultaneously produce hydrogen and remediate urea‐rich wastes. To enhance the OER and UOR performance, Ni foam (NF) electrodes were modified by binder‐free deposition of acid‐modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and subsequent electrodeposition of transition metals (Ni, Fe, and Mn). At 10 mA/cm 2 , the lowest required potential for UOR was found for NiFeMn/NF (+1.39 V vs RHE) followed by NiFeMn‐CNT/NF (+1.41 V) and NF (+1.45 V). The electrodes contained higher Fe and lower Mn contents than expected, which negatively affected the electrode activity. While the incorporation of MWCNTs increased the electrocatalytically active surface area, any synergistic effects between MWCNTs and Ni on UOR were absent. This was ascribed to the poor contact between MWCNTs and the Ni foam surface and led to a negative synergy between the MWCNTs and Ni. The decreased long‐term stability was ascribed to a higher charge transfer resistance towards UOR as confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. While the performance of the NiFeMn/NF and NiFeMn‐CNT/NF electrocatalysts is promising, further improvements in activity and stability are necessary to warrant their industrial application.

This review examines the evidence linking air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), to aortic diseases such as atherosclerosis, aneurysms, and dissections. Air pollution is a significant environmental risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and understanding its impact on the aorta is crucial for developing prevention strategies. We performed a comprehensive literature search of PubMed for articles published between December 2007 and May 2024, including in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies that investigate the effects of air pollution on aortic pathophysiology. Findings indicate that exposure to PM2.5 and diesel exhaust particles accelerates aortic atherosclerosis, aneurysm formation, and dissection through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular remodelling, with heightened effects in genetically predisposed models and high-fat diets. In vitro studies reveal that particles can cause cytotoxicity in human aortic endothelial cells, characterized by reduced nitric oxide production and cellular damage. Clinical data are mixed but suggest associations between air pollution and increased aortic calcification, arterial stiffness, and altered hemodynamics. Overall, air pollution influences the development and progression of aortic diseases via multiple biological pathways, emphasizing the need for further research to define dose-response relationships, identify molecular targets, and implement environmental interventions to reduce disease burden and protect public health.

Since the emergence of COVID-19, the epidemiological and seasonal patterns of respiratory pathogens have shifted, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance. This study investigated the epidemiology, seasonal trends, and age-specific detection of respiratory viruses among patients with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in Thailand from January to December 2024. Eight respiratory viruses were detected using multiplex real-time RT-PCR. Of 7853 samples, 60.8% (4777) tested positive. The most frequently detected pathogens were influenza virus (IFV, 24.8%), SARS-CoV-2 (21.5%), and human rhinovirus (HRV, 20.8%). IFV showed biannual peaks during the cold and rainy seasons, SARS-CoV-2 peaked in the warm months, and HRV circulated year-round. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) were primarily detected during the rainy season (July–November), reflecting a return toward pre–COVID-19 seasonal patterns. Age-specific differences were notable: HRV was most prevalent in children < 5 years, IFV predominated among those aged 6–18 years, and adults ≥ 19 years were mainly positive for IFV and SARS-CoV-2. Co-infections were most frequent in children aged 3–5 years, often involving HRV. These findings provide updated insights into post–COVID-19 viral epidemiology, emphasize the importance of age- and season-specific surveillance, and support the development of effective public health strategies for ARI control.

The use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in infrastructure activities has surfaced as a feasible strategy to reduce the reliance on natural aggregates and address environmental concerns related to construction waste disposal. This study aligns with the recent trends in sustainability by evaluating the enhancement of RCA properties through the incorporation of natural rubber latex (NRL), specifically for concrete pavement applications. Compressive strength (fc) and flexural (ff) strength assessments, microstructural examinations via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of RCA-NRL concretes were conducted. The dominant factors investigated were the ratios of dry rubber to cement (r/c) and water to cement (w/c). The presence of NRL retards cementitious products, resulting in reduced fc at all r/c levels but enhanced ff and ductility when r/c ratios were less than or equal to the optimum ratio. The RCA-NRL concretes, with w/c=0.3 at r/c≤1.0 and w/c=0.4 at r/c=0.5, consistently met the prescribed compressive strength (fc≥34.3 MPa) and flexural strength (ff≥4.2 MPa) requirements outlined by the local authority. However, when w/c>0.5, the addition of NRL led to a decrease in both fc and ff. The microstructural analysis confirmed the existence of NRL films in all concrete specimens containing RCA and NRL, which effectively contribute to the development of ff, particularly when the r/c ratio was lower than the optimal level. EDX and XRD analyses revealed the lower portlandite phase with a higher r/c value, indicating hydration retardation. Profound insights derived from this study underscore the intricate relationship between NRL and RCA, offering valuable guidance for optimizing NRL-modified concrete blends to achieve enhanced performance and environmental sustainability in construction projects.

The millipede genus Yuennanina Attems, 1936 has been known so far only from Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Currently, it comprises three species: Y. ceratogaster Attems, 1936, Y. aceratogaster Zhang &amp; Li, 1977, and Y. petalolobodes Chang &amp; Zhang, 1989. Herein, we describe Y. sirindhornae sp. nov., from Huai Nam Dang, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand, representing the first formal record of this genus not only from Thailand, but also from entire Southeast Asia. The new species is characterized by its unique gonopodal solenophore the shape of which resembles a young fern frond with fimbriate edges. A detailed redescription of the type species, Y. ceratogaster, is provided based on a revision of type material. An updated identification key to all four presently known Yuennanina species is also provided.

SummaryThree-dimensional (3D) printing, or additive manufacturing, is transforming pharmaceutical and biomedical fields by enabling personalized medicine. This review highlights advances in 3D printing for customized drug delivery systems, including patient-specific dosage forms, multidrug polypills, and implantable devices that improve adherence and therapeutic outcomes—especially for pediatric and geriatric populations. The intersection of 3D printing with regenerative medicine is also explored, focusing on bioprinting technologies, stem cell-laden scaffolds, and smart biomaterials such as hydrogels and bioinks for localized therapy and tissue repair. These strategies reflect an expanded vision of personalized medicine, merging individualized pharmacotherapy with tissue engineering. Additionally, the review discusses the integration of artificial intelligence, nano-enabled platforms, and decentralized pharmaceutical manufacturing to accelerate development and access. Key regulatory and technical challenges are outlined, along with future directions to promote the clinical translation and scalability of 3D-printed pharmaceutical and regenerative systems.

In order to feed the growing population, food production must be increased while minimizing food losses. Nevertheless, diseases caused by pathogens, particularly fungi, are responsible for severe crop losses. Even in today's world, farming systems are prone to various fungal disease epidemics, and care should be taken to avoid disastrous disease outbreak events that the world experienced before. Maize, palm oil, potato, rice, soybean, sugarcane, and wheat are the topmost major crops cultivated extensively worldwide. Any severe disease outbreak that occurs in those crops could cause heartbreak to the world market, and people who are living under the poverty line are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Given this scenario, we attempt to comprehensively summarize the literature, mainly emphasizing the value of disease control using novel and advanced technologies. Here, first, we discuss previous historical disease outbreaks to showcase what we could learn from the past. Second, new disease emergence/new records of causative agents have been brought to signify the continuing threat and future threat of disease epidemics. Subsequently, the article presents the reasons behind such disease outbreaks, and lastly, it brings the possible disease epidemic mitigating strategies for researchers, farmers, and governing bodies to rethink.