Tianjin Research Institute of Electric Science (China)

To enhance the controllability of electric vehicle demand response, this paper proposes a dual-path approach for forecasting adjustment potential based on ‘quantifying price elasticity coupled with incentive strategy constraints. First, a time-of-use pricing response model incorporating an electricity price elasticity matrix is constructed to forecast users' self-regulation potential during peak, off-peak, and low-peak periods. Subsequently, integrating Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and direct load control, an incentive-based response model is established to minimize net load variance and peak-to-off-peak difference, thereby defining the regulatory boundaries for charging shift and discharge support. Subsequently, knowledge graphs and K-means clustering were integrated to extract user behavioral characteristics and analyze the impact of heterogeneity on available capacity. Finally, the methodology's validity was validated using actual data from Tianjin charging stations through cluster analysis, correlation testing, and capacity assessment. Results indicate that evaluations accounting for users' non-perfectly rational behavior yield more realistic outcomes, providing precise data support for coordinated dispatch of generation, grid, load, and storage within microgrids.

ABSTRACT Solar arrays, as the primary energy source for spacecraft, should possess technical capabilities of lightweight, high‐power, and exceptional reliability to fulfill the requirements of future space applications. Benefiting from the high transmittance, flexibility, and adjustable capabilities of Pseudomorphic Glass (PMG), along with high‐efficiency thin‐film III–V solar cells, large‐area encapsulation high‐efficiency flexible solar array has been achieved on fiber‐reinforced polyimide. Here, we provide a fast and low‐cost integrated flexible encapsulation strategy to design flexible arrays for different service orbits by reducing the solar array mass and launch cost. Firstly, the arrangement direction and interconnected solar cells in flexible arrays were designed, and the reliability was verified by experiments. The results show that optimizing the arrangement of solar cells can significantly reduce the potential risk of solar cell cracks when the flexible array is rolled. Next, a flexible array with an area of 0.12 m 2 was prepared using PMG and flexible III–V solar cells. Its specific power and area density reached 400 W/kg and 0.65 kg/m 2 , respectively. The flexible array was subjected to a series of space assessment experiments, including ultraviolet radiation, atomic oxygen erosion, charged particle irradiation and thermal cycling. The results illustrated that the flexible array showed excellent stability and reliability under the abovementioned space environment factors. Finally, the flexible array was optimized for typical spacecraft service orbits (low earth orbit and geosynchronous orbit), reducing weight by 56.7% and 39.4%, respectively compared with rigid panels. The proposed flexible array has excellent space application potential and provides a new path for powering high‐power spacecraft and large‐space facilities.

ABSTRACT The paper addresses the analytical calculation challenges for magnetic saturation current characteristics in high‐voltage shunt reactors, considering the air‐gapped core structure and nonlinear magnetisation characteristics under novel oscillatory conditions in renewable energy power systems. A piecewise analytical method is proposed to determine winding and neutral reactor currents based on magnetic circuit operational states. Electromagnetic equations are established for shunt reactors under various magnetic circuit states during oscillation. Using knee‐point as state boundaries, piecewise solutions yield time‐domain analytical expressions for winding and neutral reactor currents. On this basis, the influence of oscillatory parameters on the characteristic components of the winding current is analysed, and a method for determining the critical saturation oscillatory frequency and amplitude of the shunt reactor is proposed accordingly. Finally, a parameter‐refined shunt reactor simulation model is constructed using the MATLAB/Simulink platform to validate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method, as well as its adaptability and robustness under different operating conditions.

Virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) are highly compatible with the grid, as they emulate the inertia and frequency response of synchronous generators (SGs), making them a promising solution for future power systems. However, under asymmetrical faults, both positive- and negative-sequence synchronization stability become critical concerns, unlike in SGs, which maintain only positive-sequence stability. This is because VSG is recommended to generate negative-sequence current during such faults. Additionally, virtual impedance (VI) control is a widely adopted current-limiting strategy. However, the dual-sequence synchronization stability of VSGs employing VI control remains unexplored. This paper investigates the root causes of loss of synchronization (LOS) in such VSGs. Considering the effect of sequence coupling, a dual-sequence synchronization model of the VSG is developed, where the negative-sequence circuit is represented as an impedance within the positive-sequence model. Based on this model, a phase portrait approach is employed to analyze LOS both in the absence and presence of equilibrium points (EPs). The dominant factors for different types of LOS are analyzed, including those related to positive-sequence VI, negative-sequence current injection, and the control parameters of positive- and negative-sequence. The model and the analysis are verified by the PSCAD simulations.

ABSTRACT To achieve the low‐carbon transformation of energy system, a low‐carbon optimal scheduling strategy for integrated energy systems (IESs) based on improved carbon emission flow and green certificate‐carbon joint trading is proposed. Firstly, based on the multi‐energy coupling characteristics of IES, the impacts of renewable energy generations (REGs), multi‐energy coupling components, and energy storage devices on the carbon flow distribution are quantified, and an improved carbon flow calculation method for IES is proposed to solve the tracing problem of the temporal and spatial transfer of carbon emissions caused by the power loss of coupling components and the operation of energy storage. Then dynamic carbon emission factor reflecting the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics is proposed in combination with the concept of carbon potential. Moreover, to deeply explore the potential of source‐load synergy for carbon reduction, a green certificate‐carbon joint trading mechanism is constructed on the power generation side by combining the green certificate carbon reduction mechanism and carbon trading, and on the load side, the dynamic carbon emission factor is used as the carbon price correction coefficient for energy consumption prices, driving users to respond synergistically to carbon‐energy. Finally, by combining the scheduling of the source‐side units with the demand response on the load side, a bi‐level optimal scheduling model considering the deep reduction of carbon by source‐load synergy is constructed. The simulation analysis of the case study shows that the proposed method achieves carbon measurement, carbon tracing, and reasonable allocation of carbon emission responsibilities in the IES, effectively improving the system's carbon reduction capacity and economic benefits.

With the rapid increase in sludge generation and the tightening of environmental regulations, efficient sludge treatment has become a critical issue for sustainable waste management and carbon reduction. Among the available methods, sludge co-combustion has emerged as an effective approach for resource recovery and emission control. In this review, the evolution and current status of sludge co-combustion technologies worldwide are summarized, emphasizing their growing importance in clean energy systems. The physicochemical characteristics of various sludge types—such as high moisture content, low calorific value, high ash fraction, and heavy metal enrichment—are compared to illustrate the necessity of pretreatment. Furthermore, based on results from laboratory-, pilot-, and industrial-scale studies, the effects of sludge co-combustion ratio on combustion efficiency, operational stability, as well as heavy metal migration and ash characteristics are systematically analyzed. The results indicate that maintaining a relatively low co-combustion ratio (generally ≤ 20%) ensures stable operation and high thermal efficiency, while allowing most heavy metals to be effectively retained in solid ash phases; in contrast, higher co-combustion ratios may intensify heavy metal enrichment in fly ash and alter ash physicochemical properties. Finally, future research directions are proposed, focusing on integrating multi-scale experiments with modeling approaches to better understand the coupling mechanisms among combustion efficiency, stability, and environmental risk under high-ratio co-combustion conditions.

Samples of the nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy Fe42Co42Zr7B9 were prepared by annealing the as-quenched amorphous precursors at various temperatures to investigate the crystallization behavior of the samples and the evolution of their magnetic properties. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed two distinct stages, namely (i) the primary crystallization of the α-Fe solid solution and (ii) the formation of ZrCo3B2 and Fe3Zr phases. Grain growth proceeded gradually in the early stage and increased rapidly in the later stage of crystallization. The lattice constant initially increased and then decreased at about 600°C due to the incorporation of~Zr into the α-Fe lattice. The specific saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) followed similar two-stage trends, i.e., Ms first increased and then decreased, while Hc slightly increased below 600°C and rose sharply thereafter due to grain growth and phase transformations. Thus, precise control of the annealing temperature in FeCoZrB alloys allows for tuning of the microstructural and magnetic properties, offering pathways toward high-efficiency, soft magnetic components.

Strategic interstitial Mn doping in Mg 3 (Bi, Sb) 2 single crystal simultaneously achieves high thermoelectric performance and intrinsic chemical stability, enabling robust module operation for over 300 hours in ambient air.