Tikkurila (Finland)

Additive manufacturing enables the fabrication of definitive resin 1-piece endodontic crowns, but information on how resin type and preparation design affect their fracture strength is limited. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effects of material type, margin configuration, and pulp chamber depth on the fracture strength of additively manufactured (AM) 1-piece endodontic crowns compared with those subtractively manufactured (SM). One-piece endodontic crowns were designed by using the scans of 4 mandibular first molar typodonts prepared with either butt joint or 1-mm shoulder margins and pulp chamber depths of 2mm or 4mm. These designs were used to fabricate specimens either additively (Tera Harz TC80DP [GR], FREEPRINT Crown [FP], Crowntec [CT]) or subtractively (Tetric CAD [TC]) (n=7). Scans of the prepared typodonts were used to additively manufacture resin dies, and each specimen was cemented to its corresponding die using a dual-polymerizing resin cement. After cementation, all specimens were subjected to cyclic loading (1.2 million cycles, 49N) before the load-to-fracture test. Fracture load data were analyzed with a generalized linear model and Bonferroni-corrected post hoc tests (ɑ=.05). All specimens survived cyclic loading and were subjected to the load-to-fracture test. The interaction among all main factors affected measured values (P=.028). CT led to the highest fracture load among the specimens with butt joint margins and 4-mm depth, while TC led to the highest values among those with shoulder margins, regardless of the pulp chamber depth (P≤.002). Butt joint margins resulted in higher values for GR and CT specimens with 4-mm depth, while shoulder margins led to higher values for FP and CT specimens with 2-mm depth, as well as for TC specimens (P≤.020). A depth of 4mm resulted in higher values for all specimens with butt joint margins and for TC specimens with shoulder margins, whereas 2-mm depth led to higher values for FP specimens with shoulder margins (P≤.016). The fracture strength of the tested 1-piece endodontic crowns was affected by the material type, margin configuration, and pulp chamber depth. However, all specimens had acceptable mean fracture load values according to the previously reported masticatory forces of the molar region.

Tyypillisellä lukion kolmoskurssin lyriikkatunnilla Södergranin tai Saarikosken runon äärellä pyöritellään analyysikeskustelussa yli kymmentä käsitettä: säe,säkeistö, säkeenylitys, puhuja, metafora, metonymia, personifikaatio ja niin edelleen. Nämä käsitteet monien muiden Avain-lehden lukijoille tuttujen käsitteiden rinnalla tekevät analyysista ja tulkinnasta syvemmän kuin keskustelu tai kirjoittaminen käsitteittä. Kaunokirjallisuuden analyysiin harjaantuneen on helppo kuvitella, mitä kaikkea häneltä jää huomioimatta, kun analysoitavana onkin elokuvan Jäniksen vuosi alkukohtaus tai Instrumentariumin viimeisin televisiomainos.

Abstract This study examines the relationship between the welfare state models and social political attitudes. The data are based on the sixth round of the European Social Survey. The study revealed a mechanism of how the relationship between concrete and abstract attitudes differs between the welfare states. In the Anglo-Saxon and Nordic welfare states the relationship is a positive one, which indicates that the welfare state has a broad support among citizens. In the Continental, Eastern and Southern welfare states the relationship is a negative one. This means that the less satisfied citizens are with governmental measures, the more positive their attitudes are regarding protecting citizens against poverty. Also the study showed that the welfare state model directly influences citizens’ concrete attitudes and indirectly influences abstract poverty attitudes. In this sense, the welfare state model is seen more as an attitudinal perception than an actual social policy.

Exposure of restaurant personnel to environmental tobacco smoke was assessed in 23 restaurants in 2002-2003 after the Finnish Tobacco Act--including restrictions on smoking at bar desks and demands on non-smoking sections--had been extended to restaurants. Air samples were collected using passive samplers from the breathing zone of non-smoking workers during entire work shifts. 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP) was used as a tobacco-specific vapour-phase marker. The overall median concentration of airborne 3-EP for 97 workers was 1.2 microg/m3, the individual concentrations ranging from <0.06 to 9.4 microg/m3 (n=292). Higher concentrations were measured for staff working in smoking areas or at bar counters than that recorded for those working in non-smoking areas or across different areas. Area samples were collected by passive sampling of 3-EP on organic vapour monitors and by active sampling of 3-EP and nicotine in charcoal tubes. The median concentrations of 3-EP and nicotine were 1.5 microg/m3 (n=292) and 11 microg/m3 (n=92), respectively. In non-smoking areas and at the bar, 3-EP concentrations were 41% and 69% of those measured in smoking areas, with a third of the restaurants having concentrations below 20% in their non-smoking areas. The method applied here--based on diffusive sampling of 3-ethenylpyridine--proved adequate even at low environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) levels. The easy-to-use sampler is thus well suited to detect whether a non-smoking room or area is actually smoke-free or contaminated by smoke drifting from a smoking area. Only a third of the restaurants participating in this study achieved low concentrations of 3-ethenylpyridine in their non-smoking areas. In these cases, the non-smoking area was usually strictly separated from the smoking area. Despite the ban on smoking at bar counters in most restaurants, the drifting smoke was usually a problem if the counter was located in the middle of the smoking area. However, exposure to ETS behind the bar desk was reduced if the counter was located in a non-smoking area.

Tässä tutkimuksessa käytetty kaasu-nestekromatograafinen haihtuvien rasvahappojen määritysmenetelmä oli luotettava 10 ppm:n konsentratioon. Säilörehun ja pötsinesteiden haihtuvat rasvahapot määritettiin vetyliekki-ionisaatiodetektoria hyväksikäyttäen 5 % muurahaishappoa sisältävästä vesiekstraktista. Lasisen spirallikolonnan (pit. 2 m, sis. halk. 3 mm) täytemateriaalina käytettiin dietyleeniglykolisukkinaatilla (5 %) ja ortofosforihapolla (1 %) päällystettyä kiinteätä faasia Chromosorb W (a.w. 60/80 mesh). Kolonnan täyte oli vaihdettava vasta 2000 analyysin jälkeen. Etikkahappo, propionihappo, voihappo, isovaleriaanahappo ja valeriaanahappo määritettiin 5 min:ssa. Vastaavat rinnakkaismääritysten suhteelliset virheprosentit olivat keskimäärin 1.17, 1.67, 2.55, 3.21 ja 3.35. Suhteellinen virhe oli suurin isovaleriaanahapon ja valeriaanahapon määrityksessä, koska näitä happoja oli kahdeskymmenesosa etikkahapon määrästä. Kyllästetyn merkurikloridin ja 1 N natriumhydroksidin lisääminen sentrifugoituihin pötsinesteisiin ja kylmäkuivaus osoittautuivat hyväksi esikäsittelyksi myös kaasukromatografoinnin kannalta, koska perusviiva pysyi stabiilina koko ajan. Puhtaat haihtuvien rasvahappojen liuokset, jotka esikäsiteltiin e.m. tavalla, säilyivät —18° C:ssa muuttumattomina vuoden ajan, joten tällaista esikäsittelyä voinnee suositella myös pötsinesteiden säilytystä varten.

In studies conducted by the Department of Plant Pathology of the Agricultural Research Centre, soil-borne viruses were found in soil samples from seven nurseries out of thirteen sampled and from fields at two experimental stations in south and south-west Finland. Tobacco necrosis virus was identified for the first time in Finland in 12 isolates and in addition tobacco rattle virus in 8 isolates. All these isolates were made from 193 soil and plant samples collected in late autumn of 1970. For the first time in Finland the nematode Trichodorus pachydermus Seinhorst was identified from extracts of TRV-infected soil and plant samples.