Toseda (Czechia)

Simonkolleite is a zinc-layered hydroxide salt with the formula Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O. It has a platelet morphology and can be used for many applications, owing to both its layered structure and its nature as a hydroxide salt. It can be prepared via a simple precipitation from ZnCl2 and NaOH in water thermostated at 50 °C. Depending on the synthesis conditions, we could obtain different sizes and a hybrid containing parts of ZnO. We studied the influence of the OH:Zn molar ratio, the addition order, and the maturation time after the reaction was completed. With the support of pH profiles, kinetic studies, and thermodynamic equilibrium data, we were able to propose a global synthesis mechanism explaining the influence of those three parameters and identify the range of conditions in which simonkolleite can be formed. Depending on the desired application, we were able to synthesize bigger or smaller layered crystals of simonkolleite, in the presence of absence of ZnO.

The ultrafine structure of tendons deposits formed in three patients, males aged 52 and 61 years and a female aged 71 years were evaluated by atomic force microscopy. Three distinctly different structures of deposit surface were identified: (i) compact, smooth and uneven surface composed of closely packed nanoparticles of diameter 30 nm; (ii) surfaces consisting of plate-like crystalline particles about 30 nm thick that formed larger entities divided by deep depressions; (iii) rough surface formed by individual or closely attached elongated needle-like particles with elliptical cross-section of diameter about 30 nm. These surface structures were developed by different formation mechanisms: (i) Aggregation of Posner’s clusters into nanoparticles formed on biological calcific able surfaces and in the bulk of body fluid surrounding the deposits that subsequently settled onto the deposit surface; (ii) Regular crystal growth on surface nuclei generated at low supersaturation of body fluid with respect to the phosphatic phase and/or in a narrow cavity containing a very limited volume of liquid; (iii) Solution mediated re-crystallization of the upper layers of a deposit or unstable crystalline growth governed by volume diffusion of building units to the particle tip. Small rods, 40 nm wide and from 100 to 300 nm long, with no apparent order were detected only on the surface of deposit formed in the female patient. These rods could be debris of collagen fibres that disintegrated into individual building units (macromolecules) with some showing breakdown into smaller fragments.