Toyoshina High School

The purpose of this study was to examine the contextual interference eSect modulated by skill level in the throwing of diSerent ball types by pitchers. College and high school baseball pitchers were asked to throw straight balls and breaking balls to the outside half and lower half of the home plate. Twenty pitchers were divided into 4 groups, determined by a combination of practice order (random or blocked) and skill level (high or low). A pretest comprised 10 trials (5 straight balls and 5 breaking balls in random order); 40 trials in a practice session were divided into 4 blocks, 10 trials each; and a posttest and retention test (after one day) involved 10 trials, similar to the pretest. The main ˆnding of interest was an interaction eSect of skill level with practice order in the retention test. For the low level pitchers there was no diSerence of practice order groups. However, for the high level pitchers, those in the random practice order group showed better control than the blocked practice order group. The result suggests that the contextual interference eSect is modulated by skill level of pitchers.

Two species of Japanese toads, Bufo japonicus formosus and Bufo torrenticola, were identified in a mountain stream using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequencing techniques. We detected RAPD fragments and mtDNA sequences specific for each species collected from allopatric areas. These molecular data indicated that most of the toads collected from their sympatric areas in a mountain stream in central Japan were backcross hybrids to B. torrenticola, even though they possessed the mtDNA of B. j. formosus. Directional introgression probably occurred between the males of B. torrenticola and females possessing the mtDNA of B. j. formosus, resulting from B. j. formosus being compelled to spawn in stream side pools, especially during the initial period of contact between the two species. Furthermore, most of the hybrid individuals probably backcrossed to the numerically predominant B. torrenticola. Such conditions might have resulted from recent and continuous flooding which created changes in the topography of the Bufo spawning habitat.

患者は71歳の男性. 1996年1月血液透析に導入. 1997年3月肉眼的血尿が出現し, PSAが37.2ng/mLと異常高値であった. 病理組織診断は前立腺の高分化腺癌で, 臨床病期はT2aと診断した. 8か月間の内分泌治療の後に, 前立腺に放射線治療を行った. 総線量70Gyを, 35回に分割し, 58日間かけて, 120度外側回転振子照射で行った. 1999年4月から, 歩行時に両側鼠径部の痛みを訴えるようになった. 2000年6月に両側の陳旧性大腿骨頸部骨折と診断された. PSA値は1998年5月以降0.5ng/mL以下を維持している. 血液透析患者の場合, 根治的前立腺全摘除術では大量出血は避けられない. 内分泌治療で前立腺癌を治癒させることは困難である. 放射線治療は, ステージT1やT2などの早期の前立腺癌に罹患した血液透析患者には最も適した治療法と考えられる.