Udon Thani Rajabhat University

Understanding how farmers adapt to climate change requires tools that capture livelihood diversity and unequal access to resources particularly in drought-affected regions. This study presents the first application of a Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF)–based typology to assess farmers’ adaptive capacity in Thailand. Data from 154 rice-farming households in Khon Kaen Province, Northeast Thailand, were analyzed using 22 expert-weighted indicators across five livelihood capital domains to construct an Adaptive Capacity Index (ACI). K-means clustering revealed three distinct groups: Water-Secure Diversified (26 %), Moderately-Resourced Adaptors (41.6 %), and Rain-fed Vulnerable (32.5 %). Key differentiators among the groups include access to irrigation, financial diversification, and adaptive water management. The Water-Secure group demonstrates a pathway of accumulation through diversified assets and irrigation, whereas the Rain-fed group remains trapped by limited capital and exposure to drought risk. These results highlight that adaptive capacity depends on the interaction rather than the quantity of livelihood capitals. Beyond Thailand, this SLF-based typology may offer useful insights for identifying farmer groups and informing adaptation policies in other drought-affected regions with comparable livelihood structures.

Introduction: Mental fatigue can impair athletes’ cognitive performance, emotional regulation, decision-making, and physical performance during training and competition. Therefore, reliable tools are needed to assess it effectively. Although the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is widely used for subjective assessment, a multi-item VAS specifically designed for athletes and integrated with a digital application remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate a multi-item Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for assessing mental fatigue in athletes and to develop and evaluate a mental fatigue assessment application. Methodology: This research consisted of three phases. Phase 1 developed a 20-item VAS covering four components: cognitive and mental function, emotional function, behavioral function, and physical and physiological responses, with reliability tested using Cronbach’s alpha. Phase 2 developed a mental fatigue assessment application including login, assessment, results with management guidelines, history records, and logout, and evaluated reliability and user satisfaction. Phase 3 assessed application suitability by three information technology experts. Results: Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from .76 to .83 across components, with an overall reliability of .90. The application showed reliability of .862 and the highest level of user satisfaction. Experts rated the application’s overall suitability at a high level. Discussion: The findings indicate that the developed VAS and application provide a reliable and practical tool for assessing athletes’ mental fatigue and supporting monitoring during training and competition. Conclusions: The developed scale and application demonstrated acceptable reliability and usability. Future studies should conduct confirmatory factor analysis with larger samples.

This research developed the Writing Skills Training Program for Children with Autism, an innovation grounded in the Visual Cognitive Strategy. The program was systematically developed and subjected to a comprehensive evaluation of its effectiveness. The population for this study consisted of learners with moderate autism in special education settings. The target group comprised three learners with moderate autism, selected through purposive sampling from the Udon Thani Special Education Center during the 2025 academic year.The inclusion criteria were: (1) official certification of moderate-level autism from experts/institutions, (2) the ability to perform screen-based activities or line-drawing, (3) informed consent from parents and the institution, and (4) no health contraindications regarding the use of digital media. The findings indicated a high level of program efficacy, assessed using customized research instruments: (1) an appropriateness evaluation form for experts, (2) a satisfaction questionnaire for teachers, and (3) a writing skills assessment for the children. Data analysis, utilizing descriptive statistics (percentage, mean, and standard deviation), yielded consistently positive outcomes. Regarding the quality of the innovation, experts evaluated the program's content and multimedia components, rating their appropriateness at a high level (𝑥̅ = 4.23, SD = 0.30). This affirms the program's academic rigor and engagement capacity. In terms of practitioner acceptance, teachers reported a high level of satisfaction (𝑥̅ = 4.38, SD = 0.32), underscoring the program's practicality for classroom implementation. The most significant outcome was the impact on learners; all three participants demonstrated clear improvement in their writing skills following the intervention, as evidenced by pre- and post-assessment comparisons. In conclusion, the developed "Writing Skills Training Program for Children with Autism" utilizing the Visual Cognitive Strategy is an effective, well-regarded instrument. It gained approval from both experts and users and proved successful in enhancing the writing abilities of children with autism.

This study proposes the Huffman Tree and Binary Conversion (HTB) which is a preprocessing algorithm to transform the Huffman tree into binary representation before the encryption process. In fact, HTB can improve the structural readiness of plaintext by combining the Huffman code with a deterministic binary representation of the Huffman tree. In addition, binary representation of the Huffman tree and the compressed information will be encrypted by standard cryptographic algorithms. Six datasets, divided into two groups (short and long texts), were chosen to evaluate compression behavior and the processing cost. Moreover, AES and RSA are chosen to combine with the proposed method to analyze the encryption and decryption cycles. The experimental results show that HTB introduces a small linear-time overhead. That means, it is slightly slower than applying only the Huffman code. Across these datasets, HTB maintained a consistently low processing cost. The processing time is below one millisecond in both encoding and decoding processes. However, for long texts, the structural conversion cost becomes amortized across larger encoded messages, and the reduction in plaintext size leads to fewer encryption blocks for both AES and RSA. The reduced plaintext size lowers the number of AES encryption blocks by approximately 30–45% and decreases the number of encryption and decryption rounds in RSA. The encrypted binary representation of the Huffman tree also decreased structural ambiguity and reduced the potential exposure of frequency-related metadata. Although HTB does not replace cryptographic security, it enhances the structural consistency of compression. Therefore, the proposed method demonstrates scalability, predictable overhead, and improved suitability for cryptographic workflows.

The Fabaceae family plays a vital role in tropical ecosystems and human livelihoods due to its ecological, nutritional, and medicinal significance. This study provides a comprehensive ethnobotanical assessment of Fabaceae in Maha Sarakham Province, Northeastern Thailand. A total of 83 taxa representing 52 genera were recorded, reflecting the family’s high species richness and cultural importance in local communities. Field surveys and semi-structured interviews were conducted across diverse habitats, including homegardens, community forests, markets, and agricultural areas. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices—Species Use Value (SUV), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Fidelity Level (FL), and Informant Consensus Factor (Fic)—were used to evaluate species importance and cultural consensus. The highest SUV and RFC values were observed for Arachis hypogaea L., Glycine max (L.) Merr., Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir., and Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc., indicating their central roles in local diets and livelihoods. Medicinally significant taxa, including Abrus precatorius and Albizia lebbeck, exhibited high FL and Fic values, reflecting strong community agreement on their therapeutic uses. Diverse applications—spanning food, medicine, fodder, fuelwood, dye, ornamental, and construction materials—highlight the multifunctionality of Fabaceae in rural livelihoods. The documentation of 44 new provincial records further emphasizes the value of integrating Indigenous and local knowledge into biodiversity assessments. These findings provide essential insights for sustainable utilization, conservation planning, and the integration of traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches.

Purpose: To determine whether perinatal taurine supplementation enhances glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) expression in the skeletal muscle of adult male offspring of rats born to diabetic mothers. Methods: Female Wistar rats (n = 9) were maintained under standard laboratory conditions with free access to food and water. Diabetes was induced in six rats via a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg), followed by 20 % glucose supplementation for 24 hours. The remaining three rats served as non-diabetic controls. After diabetes confirmation, all females were mated with healthy males (3:1 ratio). From conception to weaning, pregnant rats received either 3 % taurine in drinking water (n = 16) or plain tap water (n = 16), resulting in four groups: Non-DM (n = 8), non-DM + T (n = 8), DM (n = 8), and DM + T (n = 8). Following weaning, only male offspring in each group (n = 8) were selected and maintained on a standard diet and water. At 16 weeks of age, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, lipid profiles, and skeletal muscle GLUT4 protein expression were assessed. Results: Male offspring of diabetic mothers exhibited significantly elevated fasting glucose and triglyceride levels and reduced insulin levels compared to non-diabetic controls (non-DM; p < 0.05). Perinatal taurine supplementation in diabetic dams significantly reduced triglyceride levels, increased plasma insulin, and enhanced GLUT4 expression in offspring skeletal muscle compared to non-diabetic (non-DM; p < 0.05) and diabetic groups (DM; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Perinatal taurine supplementation may mitigate metabolic disturbances in the offspring of female diabetic rats by improving insulin levels, reducing triglycerides, and upregulating GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle.

Background and Aims: This article aims to examine the current implementation of the dual system of education in Zhengzhou, analyzing the existing problems and the reasons behind them. By studying successful cases of dual system education from both domestic and international vocational colleges, this research will explore the development of school-enterprise cooperation from various perspectives, including national policy, government, vocational colleges, and enterprises. The focus of the study will be on students from Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College, using questionnaire surveys and interviews to assess the impact of dual education management on their competitiveness. Methodology: This research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative techniques, to explore the dual system vocational education model implemented in Zhengzhou, Henan Province. The study primarily focuses on the impact of the dual system on vocational education management and its effect on student competitiveness, with an emphasis on the local economic development of Zhengzhou and the Central Plains region. Results: Proposed Solutions and Recommendations. Based on the analysis of the data collected, the study will propose targeted recommendations for improving the dual education management system in Zhengzhou. These recommendations will focus on enhancing the cooperation between schools and enterprises, improving the role of vocational colleges, and creating supportive policies and frameworks to strengthen the dual education system. Suggestions will also include the establishment of long-term mechanisms, such as the development of special funds and policy incentives, to ensure sustainable growth and development of the dual education model. Conclusion: In conclusion the study highlights the need to improve the dual education management system in Zhengzhou to boost student competitiveness and local economic growth. Recommendations include enhancing school-enterprise cooperation, strengthening vocational colleges, and creating supportive policies. Establishing long-term mechanisms like dedicated funds will ensure sustainable development. These solutions aim to create a dynamic, resilient vocational education system benefiting both students and the community.

Background and Aim: This study aims to explore the effectiveness of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and active learning activities in enhancing English reading comprehension among Prathomsuksa 6 students at Ban Nasee School. Given the challenges students face in reading comprehension, it is essential to develop effective teaching methods to enhance their skills. The researcher is interested in examining whether CLT and active learning activities can enhance students' reading abilities and what students' attitudes are toward these approaches. This study will compare students' reading comprehension abilities before and after teaching English reading using CLT and active learning activities. Additionally, it will assess students' attitudes toward the learning process. Materials and Methods: This study employed a one-group pretest-posttest design to evaluate the effectiveness of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and active learning activities in enhancing English reading comprehension among Prathomsuksa 6 students at Ban Nasee School. A total of 13 students were selected through cluster random sampling, and the study followed a one-group pretest-posttest design over 12 weeks. Thirteen students participated in 12 weeks of instruction, with two hours of class per week. The instruments used included 12 lesson plans, an English reading comprehension test, and an attitude questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (means, percentages, standard deviations) and inferential statistics (one-sample t-tests, dependent samples t-tests) to assess changes in reading comprehension and student attitudes. The findings provide insights into the potential of CLT and active learning to improve student engagement and reading comprehension in English. Results: The results of this study revealed a significant improvement in students' English reading comprehension after the implementation of CLT and active learning activities. The pretest mean score increased from 11.61 (29.05%) to 32.30 (80.77%) in the posttest, exceeding the criterion of 70%. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in scores, indicating that the teaching methods effectively enhanced reading comprehension. Additionally, students demonstrated a positive attitude toward the use of CLT and active learning, reflecting high levels of engagement and satisfaction with the learning process. These results suggest the effectiveness of CLT and active learning strategies in improving reading comprehension skills. Conclusion: The implementation of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and active learning activities significantly improved English reading comprehension among Prathomsuksa 6 students. The results highlight both increased reading proficiency and positive student attitudes, demonstrating the effectiveness of these teaching methods.

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban is a medicinal herb containing valuable bioactive compounds widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and traditional medicine applications. This study investigated the effects of elevated CO2 levels (1000, 800, and 600 ppm compared to ambient ~420 ppm) on secondary metabolite composition in C. asiatica using GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extracts. Significant treatment effects (p < 0.001) were observed across nine identified compounds, with α-copaene showing the most pronounced response. At 1000 ppm CO2, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, including α-copaene (10.60%) and trans-caryophyllene (8.97%), reached their highest concentrations, representing 232% and 413% increases over ambient conditions, respectively. Germacrene D demonstrated optimal synthesis at 800 ppm (8.12%) while remaining undetectable under ambient conditions. In contrast, the diterpene neophytadiene (16.84%) and the oxygenated sesquiterpene caryophyllene oxide (11.27%) exhibited maximum concentrations under ambient conditions. Principal Component Analysis confirmed distinct metabolic profiles, with the first two components explaining 84.38% of the total variance. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships (r > 0.85, p < 0.001) between structurally related sesquiterpenes. These findings establish a foundation for optimizing cultivation conditions to enhance specific bioactive compound production in C. asiatica, with potential applications in pharmaceutical production systems targeting sesquiterpene-derived medicines. The research demonstrates that atmospheric CO2 modulation offers a promising strategy for targeted enhancement of secondary metabolite synthesis, though further investigation of molecular mechanisms and environmental interactions is necessary for commercial implementation.