Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences

The aim of the research was to study the creation methods and hybridization potential of sugar beet multi-sprout pollinators of different genetic structure in selection for heterosis. It has been established that the dynamics of productivity traits manifestation in multi-sprout pollinators of sugar beet of different levels of homozygosity is determined by the methods of their creation and genetic control of the corresponding trait. The highest manifestation of inbreeding depression in the process of close-related reproduction was observed for the trait of root crop yield. When using moderate inbreeding, it decreased to 89.4 % of the original population. The highest basic root crops yield was in pollinators formed using recurrent selection (98.1 %). The sugar content in root crops of multi-sprout pollinators by all methods of creation was within the initial populations (99.6–99.8 %). The average sugar yield per unit area, depending on the method, varied within 89.4–98.2 %. The results of variety testing of experimental sugar beet hybrids indicate that the most productive hybrids were obtained on the basis of multi-sprout pollinators formed by the methods of moderate inbreeding and recurrent selection. The best multi-sprout pollinators and the most productive hybrids were obtained on the basis of populations of productive (E) and normal (N) directions of productivity (BZ 15F/7, BZ 1729/3 and BZ 33/5). They are valuable for breeding practice as donors of important breeding and genetic traits. Moderate inbreeding and recurrent selection for general combinative ability are effective methods for creating new genotypes of polyploid pollinators with varying levels of homozygosity. These pollinators increase the productivity of sterile hybrids by 8-11 %. Population materials of high-yielding (E) and normal (N) types of productivity are more effective as source material for the formation of new genotypes of multi-stem pollinators. Key words: sugar beet, source material, multishoot pollinator, hybrid, moderate inbreeding, multiple individual-family selection, recurrent selection, heterosis, hybridization potential, productivity

This study provides the first long-term, cross-border evaluation of Lithuanian potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars, integrating agronomic performance, tuber quality, and resistance to major pathogens across diverse environments. Field and controlled trials conducted in Lithuania and Ukraine from 2014 to 2024 revealed substantial genetic variability among 14 national cultivars, enabling their classification into five distinct maturity groups. Maincrop cultivars outperformed others in yield and starch accumulation, with ‘VB Meda’, ‘Goda’, and ‘VB Aista’ exhibiting a superior balance of productivity (up to 49 t ha−1), starch content (>19%), and moderate-to-high resistance to Phytophthora infestans. A broader genetic screening of 287 accessions—including varieties, breeding lines, and hybrids—demonstrated wide diversity in phenological development, disease resistance, and reproductive traits. Notably, Ro1 pathotype resistance was identified in 85 genotypes, predominantly with yellow-skinned tubers, while genotypic sterility in flowering and berry set was associated with both parental lineage and elevated temperatures. Although no complete immunity to P. infestans was detected, several genotypes displayed stable polygenic field resistance, suggesting the presence of horizontally inherited defense mechanisms effective under variable agroclimatic conditions. These results underscore the strategic breeding potential of Lithuanian potato germplasm for developing high-performing cultivars with enhanced resilience to late blight and nematodes and offer valuable insights for climate-adapted potato breeding in Northern and Eastern Europe.

Nature Conservation as an Essential Prerequisite for Preserving Humanity (March 19–20, 2025. Riga, the Republic of Latvia) : International scientific conference. Riga, Latvia : Baltija Publishing, 2025. 92 pages.

ріпак це важливе джерело отримання дешевої рослинної олії, яка застосовується практично у всіх галузях народного господарства: харчовій, металургійній, медичній, хімічній, автомобільній промисловості. Високу продуктивність культури можуть забезпечити тільки нові сучасні сорти та гібриди з покращеними показниками продуктивності та біохімічного складу насіння, пристосовані до екологічних умов зони вирощування. Перш ніж розпочати селекційну роботу, потрібно скласти модель сорту із зазначеними якісними показниками, сховану в підсвідомості досвідченого селекціонера. Зміна складу жирних кислот ріпакової олії є першочерговим завданням селекції ріпаку. Від відсоткового вмісту жирних кислот в олії ріпаку залежить якість та напрям використання її. Якість насіння характеризується сукупністю показників, що відповідають вимогам нормативно-технічної документації. Єдиного нормативного документу, який би визначав якість ріпакового насіння для виробничих потреб сучасного ринку не виявлено. З проаналізованої існуючої нормативної документації та наукової літератури, щодо параметрів фракційного складу жирних кислот і вмісту глюкозинолатів у різних типах ріпаку технічного та харчового напряму використання, визначено фракційний склад олії та вмісту глюкозинолатів для різних типів моделей ріпаку. Насіння сортів технічного напряму використання «++» та «+0», повинно містити глюкозинолати та ерукову кислоту на рівні > 4,0; 45,0–55,0 та 2,0–3,0; > 47,0 % відповідно. Насіння сортів харчового напряму «0+», в своєму складі повинно містити глюкозинолати не більше 2,0 %, ерукову кислоту 0–2,0 %, насичені кислоти 8 % (пальмітинова – 7,0 та стеаринова – 1 %), просту ненасичену олеїнову – 56,0–66,0 % та багаторазово ненасичені 27 % (лінолева – 25,0 та ліноленова – 2,0 %). У насінні сортів харчового напряму використання «00» вміст глюкозинолатів не повинен перевищувати 2,0 %, ерукової кислоти не дозволяється, пальмітинова та стеаринова кислоти повинні становити, відповідно, 10,0 та 1,0–2,0 %. Вміст олеїнової кислоти на рівні 65,0–69,0 %, лінолевої більше 25,0 %, а ліноленової менше 2 %. У насінні сортів харчового напряму використання «000», маса оболонки повинна бути не більше 13,0 %, вміст жиру в насінні більше 50,0 %, глюкозинолатів не повинен перевищувати 2,0 %, ерукової кислоти не дозволяється, пальмітинова та стеаринова кислоти повинні становити, відповідно, 10,0 та 1,0 %. Вміст олеїнової кислоти більше 70,0 %, лінолевої більше 25,0 %, а ліноленової менше 2 %. Це дослідження було проведено з метою визначення фракційного складу олії та вмісту глюкозинолатів для різних типів моделей ріпаку. Отримані результати з визначеними параметрами рекомендовано використовувати селекціонерам та виробничникам зі створення та вирощування нових сортів ріпаку різного типу та напряму використання.

The purpose of the research and production research in four breeding dairy farms of the industrial type was to establish the prevalence of chronic latent inflammatory processes of the reproductive organs, which lead to the loss of generative resources of dairy breeds of cattle. Analytical, structural-comparative, and statistical methods were used to perform the research tasks. The research data were obtained through a comprehensive examination of cows of the main milking herd (n = 552) and groups of culled cows due to numerous ineffective inseminations (n = 116), namely, ultrasound scanning of the tissues and uterine cavity and differential palpation of the fallopian tubes and gonads. Experimentally under in vivo conditions, it was established that compared to cows of the leading dairy herd in the culled group, the prevalence of symptoms of chronic latent endometritis was 33.93 % higher on average (P < 0.05) with significant fluctuations in different herds (from 12.06 to 67.51 %). A considerable spread of multiorgan gynecological pathology was established, namely the spread of chronic adhesive salpingitis, the symptoms of which in dairy cows were on average 39.40 % (with fluctuations of 7.18–83.65 %), which significantly increased among culled cows: +30, 77 % (in different farms from 52.17 to 90.00 %), which indicated the chronicity of long-term inflammatory processes in the endometrium and the area of the ciliated epithelium of the oviducts, which lead to chronic irreversible infertility (P < 0.01). An innovative methodological approach to improving diagnostics requires the introduction of innovations in the practical training methods of zoo-veterinary specialists and the requirements for preserving the generative and secretory functions of the reproductive organs of cows in gynecological therapy schemes.

Purpose. To evaluate common winter wheat varieties of the Plant Breeding and Genetic Institute (PBGI) for resistance to brown and leaf rust and powdery mildew pathogens and to identify those with complex immunity to the above diseases that can be used as resistance donors in breeding practice. Methods. During 2021–2023, 35 wheat varieties of the PBGI (Wheat Breeding Department and Laboratory of Intensive Wheat Varieties) were studied. Methods of phytopathological assessment were used on separate and complex artificial infectious backgrounds of the studied diseases in the field and under artificial climatic conditions at the development stages of BBCH 12 and BBCH 59–69. Results. The varieties ‘Oktava’ and ‘Pozytsiia Odeska’ were resistant to brown rust in the juvenile and adult phases, and ‘Oktava’, ‘Vidpovid Odeska’ and ‘Pozytsiia Odeska’ were resistant to stem rust. Moderate resistance to powdery mildew was demonstrated by varieties ‘Oktava’, ‘Shchedrist’, ‘Zhytnytsia’, ‘Harantiia’, ‘Fortetsia’ and ‘Pozytsiia Odeska’ in the juvenile phase, and complex resistance to the disease group was demonstrated by ‘Oktava’ and ‘Pozytsiia Odeska’. Conclusions. The varieties with complex resistance to brown rust, leaf rust and powdery mildew justify the efforts made to develop them and are valuable for further breeding as they often do not require fungicides during cultivation.

Dans cet entretien, Henry Bernstein revient sur la fondation des études agraires critiques et les principaux concepts qu’il a développés pour une étude marxiste de la sociologie rurale. Il montre comment l’opposition entre léninisme et populisme se rejoue dans l’épistémologie de la structure de classe de la paysannerie.

Introduction. Agriculture is the backbone of a country's economy, and its development is essential for financial and economic stability as well as for the post-war recovery of Ukraine. The sustainability of agribusiness enterprises is significantly influenced by industry-specific financial and economic factors. Given these conditions, the expansion of seed production for cereal crops becomes crucial, as grain production is the foundation of crop farming and the entire agricultural sector, contributing substantially to Ukraine’s export revenues. Methodology. The research employs the following methods: abstract-logical method (for theoretical generalization of market equilibrium issues and drawing relevant conclusions); monographic method (to evaluate the supply and demand mechanism in the cereal seed market, including surveys of agricultural enterprise managers); statistical-economic method (for analyzing industry trends, evaluating seed production efficiency, and assessing export-import tendencies); systematic and comparative analysis (to evaluate the seed industry and premium seed market, and to compare actual performance results). Results. Seed production has the potential to become one of Ukraine’s most promising agricultural sectors, providing farmers with high-quality seeds and enabling the rapid introduction of new varieties. The sector’s development can help meet domestic demand for high-quality seed materials while also unlocking the country's export potential. However, due to the lack of a well-balanced marketing strategy for distribution, this potential has not yet been fully realized. Most seed enterprises require detailed and objective information about current market trends, sales prices, distribution channels, and forecasts for market development to optimize their operations. It is recommended that the Seed Association's Marketing and Supply Chain Information Service, in collaboration with the Ukrainian Institute for Plant Variety Examination, systematically provide information to grain producers and consumers to enhance the efficiency of seed distribution channels. While the successful localization of international seed production companies in Ukraine has mitigated some risks, the increasing reliance on imported seeds remains a significant challenge. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the development and patent protection of Ukrainian seed lines and establish an effective marketing-driven seed promotion system.

Research is aimed at studying potato varieties with increased adaptive capacity in terms of yield, as well as resistance to phytopathogenic micromycetes Fusarium solani. The study of varieties with high genetic, adaptive potential, in relation to stress factors, resistance to damage by diseases, pests for growing them in a specific soil-climatic zone, remains relevant. In recent years, diseases caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium are the reasons for a sharp decline in the yield and quality of potatoes. The main criterion of a variety that is characterized by high adaptability in a certain agro-climatic zone is the adaptability coefficient with an indicator of 1 or higher. During 2018-2020, stress resistance, stability, resistance to the pathogen Fusarium solani of thirteen potato varieties were studied in the Polissia zone of Ukraine. Their yield, analyzed through the coefficients of adaptability, of phenotypic stability and the difference between its maximum and minimum value. Among the studied varieties, the Prada variety stood out (25.6 t/ha), which is high-yielding, stress-resistant and stable at the same time (CAA -1.21, FS -1.1, (X min -X max ) -1.8). This variety has a high score (9) of resistance to F. solani. Among the thirteen varieties of potatoes that were affected by phytopathogenic micromycetes genotypes were established that are highly resistant (Prada, Granada, Solokha, Rodynna, Lilly, Esmee, Zhytnytsia, Kniazha) and resistant (Opillia, Paroli, Bellarosa, Vzirets, Constance) to the pathogen F. solani, which causes the disease both during the storage period and during the growing season.