Universidad American College

Anthropometric characteristics and body composition significantly influence elite sports performance.However, data on Olympic athletes remains limited.This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the anthropometric characteristics and body composition of Nicaraguan athletes who participated in the 2024 Paris Olympic Games.Four female athletes (100-meter sprint, shortboard surfing, shooting, and short rowing) and one male athlete (400-meter butterfly swimming) participated in this case study.Measurements included 8 skinfolds, 13 girths, 9 lengths/heights, and 9 bone diameters, all assessed using calibrated Holway instruments following ISAK protocols.Data were processed through ISAKMetry software for body composition and somatotype analysis.The male swimmer exhibited the highest body mass (82.8 kg), height (183 cm), and wingspan (192.4 cm; relative span index: 105.1 %), while the shooter was the shortest (160 cm).Body fat percentage ranged from 18.2 % (swimmer) to 30.4 % (surfer), with the sprinter showing the lowest value among females (24.8 %).Muscle mass percentage varied from 41.4 % (surfer) to 53.7 % (shooter).Key indices revealed optimal muscle-to-bone (4.5) and fat-to-muscle (0.3) ratios in the shooter.The somatotypes found in the disciplines were: in athletics (100 m): mesomorphic ectomorph(1.8-3.0-3.7);Surfing: endomorphic mesomorph (3.0-3.6-2.3);Swimming: mesomorph endomorph (3.4-3.7-2.8);Shooting: ectomorphic mesomorph (1.5-4.9-3.2);Rowing: endomorphic mesomorph (3.4-5.5-1.5).These findings highlight distinct morphological patterns aligned with sport-specific demands, providing valuable reference data for talent identification and training optimization in elite Nicaraguan athletes.

El presente artículo de investigación se realizó con el objetivo de analizar los efectos jurídicos y económicos que genera la carencia de tratados de doble imposición en Nicaragua, y sus implicaciones en las operaciones económicas, comerciales y financieras de los contribuyentes transnacionales que realizan transacciones en territorio nacional, o con sus partes relacionadas contribuyentes en el país. Se determina el alcance y los efectos de los tratados de doble imposición en materia tributaria y económica, analizando su concepto, estructura, tratamiento jurídico y estándares internacionales. Se expone el régimen del impuesto sobre la renta en las transacciones internacionales, conforme el ordenamiento jurídico nicaragüense, y los efectos adversos que genera su aplicación directa, a los contribuyentes en sus resultados económicos y financieros, en comparación con la aplicación efectiva de tratados de doble imposición, que reduzcan el gravamen de los impuestos locales con base en la normativa tributaria nicaragüense, lo que resulta en un efecto adverso en la economía del país, al no fomentarse la atracción de inversión extranjera directa, particularmente de empresas o grupos transfronterizos que tributen bajo renta mundial, y que buscan eficiencia financiera y tributaria corporativa, lo que reduce la competitividad de Nicaragua, como un país ideal para la recepción de inversión extranjera.

El comercio electrónico, las nuevas tecnologías y la forma de resolver disputas han cambiado; por ende, también los negocios jurídicos y la prestación de servicios. No obstante, las relaciones nacidas de la contratación inteligente y la resolución de disputas en línea no están exentas de las problemáticas que envuelven su falta de regulación expresa. Este trabajo de investigación aborda primero las generalidades del blockchain, los contratos inteligentes y las Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) para luego abordar reflexiones acerca de la relación entre ellos. Estas nuevas tecnologías, pese a carecer de una regulación generalizada y uniforme, han venido siendo aplicadas desde hace ya un tiempo. Por consiguiente, se pretende resaltar su unión e incidencia en el mundo de la ciencia jurídica, a fin de demostrar cómo el arbitraje comercial a través de una ODR representa la mejor opción para la resolución de disputas nacidas de la tecnología del blockchain y los smart contracts gracias a características como descentralización, flexibilidad, agilidad, inmediatez y especialidad, cualidades que combinan con la genética jurídica y electrónica de ambas figuras.

Mitral stenosis (MS), a valvular heart disease, is defined by the narrowing of the mitral valve orifice. The common risk factors for stroke include mitral annular calcification (MAC), diabetes mellitus (DM), male gender, hypertension (HTN), hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Endothelial damage, hypercoagulability, and blood stasis in the left atrium promote the development of the thrombus. Among all the risk factors described, MAC is the independent predictor of stroke. The complicated mechanisms responsible for thromboembolism, predisposing factors for thromboembolism, the risk of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in MS patients, advanced standardized assessment models for identifying those at risk for stroke, and the possible advantages and disadvantages of available therapies have all been discussed in this review article. We have also discussed newer oral anticoagulants (NOACs) like dabigatran, edoxaban, apixaban, and rivaroxaban. Non-pharmacological therapies are also highlighted such as left atrial appendage ligation and occlusion devices. We also conducted a thorough review of the literature on the efficacy and safety of various NOACs in reducing the risk of stroke.

Cirrhosis is an end-stage liver disease that can cause changes in any component of the hemostatic system. The net effects of the complicated hemostatic changes have long been unknown due to concurrent changes in pro-and antihemostatic drivers. Coagulation disorders are caused by various factors, including decreased clotting and inhibitor factor synthesis, reduced clearance of activated factors, quantitative and qualitative platelet defects, hyperfibrinolysis, and increased intravascular coagulation. This review discusses the pathogenesis of coagulopathy and multiple studies related to its clinical presentations. This article also highlights an additional problem in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to this group of patients: the fact that traditional coagulation tests and transfusional strategies may not be reliable for assessing and managing bleeding or thrombotic risks. Hence, multiple management options have been assessed for bleeding and thrombosis in liver disease.

A stroke is a cerebrovascular medical emergency characterized by the sudden loss of neurological function due to interruption to the blood supply. A serious and common complication of stroke is pneumonia. This review article outlined various studies in order to understand the pathogenesis pathways that lead to the development of stroke-associated pneumonia, as well as therapeutic and preventive options to reduce pneumonia. The article looked for risk factors that increase the risk of developing pneumonia among stroke patients. In addition, it has reviewed various therapeutic modalities, such as postural modifications, pharmacological treatment, and other unique treatments, in an attempt to find which of them are efficient to decrease the occurrence of pneumonia and which of them are not. The article also attempts to emphasize the importance of early screening for dysphagia among stroke patients and demonstrates the importance of preventive strategies that can be easily implemented, such as routine oral care and behavioral modifications.

En este artículo se realiza un análisis de las plataformas digitales de reparto, y cómo su surgimiento ha modificado las relaciones laborales tradicionales, dando como resultado que el desarrollo de estas plataformas originen otros modelos de negocios, que desarrollan su actividad a partir de una App, modificando la forma de contratación, por ende el tipo de relación contractual, y es a través de las demandas presentadas que el TS por medio de la Sentencia núm. 805/2020, conoce y califica la prestación de servicios prestada por un rider como un vínculo de carácter laboral, convirtiéndose en un fallo unificador y pionero que por su trascendencia se hace necesario analizarlo, examinando las diferencias entre un trabajador autónomo económicamente dependiente (TRADE) y un trabajador por cuenta ajena, profundizando en los indicios de ajenidad y subordinación, así como la forma de prestación de servicios de recogida y entrega de pedidos realizada por los repartidores de GLOVO, o lo que se ha denominado crowsorting-off line-. En consecuencia y cumpliendo con dicho fallo, se aprueba el Real Decreto-ley 9/2021, de 11 de mayo, conocida como “Ley Rider”, por el que se modifica el texto refundido de la Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores, por lo cual valoraremos la trascendencia de esta normativa y sus efectos.

The Compassion Fatigue concept is common in the scientific literature of International Social Work, although surprisingly nonexistent in Spanish literature. Fatigue can be defined by compassion as a state of exhaustion and biological, psychological and relational dysfunction, the result of immediate or prolonged exposure to compassionate stress and as the final result of the progressive and cumulative process resulting from pro-longed, continuous and intense contact with clients or clients patients, the use of oneself and exposure to stress. The maintenance of the wear can lead to severe pictures typical of secondary traumatization or the onset of Burned Professional Syndrome (Burnout). In any case, if a social work professional experiences this phenomenon, their ability to empathize, connect and help their clients is severely diminished. Paradoxically, compassion fatigue is, on the one hand, necessary and inevitable if good practice is developed; on the other, dangerous and disabling if it is not compensated by other mechanisms. Compassion fatigue can not be prevented but it can and must be palliated consciously. Increasing the ability to recognize and minimize the impact of attrition is a responsibility of the professional and the organization in which he works. Finally, the work raises what to do about this phenomenon and how to take care of yourself, professionally and institutionally.

This study analyzes the extent to which an individual's sex, religion, and religiosity influence their willingness to voice an opinion about Barack Obama's ethnicity in the 2008 election. Results from 569 college students surveyed reveal sex to be a nonsignificant predictor, whereas religion and religiosity significantly influence willingness to voice an opinion about Obama's ethnicity. More religious individuals were more likely to voice an opinion about Obama's ethnicity as a voting issue in the campaign. There were significant differences among religious groups and their willingness to voice an opinion on this issue.