Universidad Comunera

To address the current limitations of time-gated Raman spectroscopy, specifically its narrow spectral range and low spectral resolution, and simultaneously acquire Raman and fluorescence life-time images, we have developed a Fourier-transform photon counting spectroscopy platform. A Mach-Zehnder interferometer employing a high accuracy linear motor stage was combined with photon-counting avalanche diodes and time-tagged acquisition, allowing to sort photons into a matrix of stage positions determined using their coarse arrival time with 50 ns steps of the excitation laser repetition period, and a fine arrival time of 80 ps resolution relative to the excitation pulse of 100 ps duration. The instrument achieves a time resolution of 547 ps, a wide spectral range of −1000 to 10,000 cm−1 Raman shift from the excitation at 532 nm wavelength, and a high spectral resolution of 0.05 cm−1. For experimental validation, we used fluorescently coated silicon wafers and fluorescent plastic microspheres. Raman signal was observed during the laser excitation pulse within the time-resolution, while fluorescence signals dominate afterwards. The results confirm that the instrument can effectively separate Raman and fluorescence signals.

The increasing disparity in global food distribution has amplified the urgency of addressing food waste and food insecurity, both of which exacerbate economic, environmental, and social inequalities. Traditional food bank models often struggle with logistical inefficiencies, limited accessibility, and a lack of transparency in food distribution, hindering their effectiveness in mitigating these challenges. This study proposes a novel Food Bank Network Redesign (FBNR) that leverages the Quito Metro system to create a decentralized food bank network, enhancing efficiency and equity in food redistribution by introducing strategically positioned donation lockers at metro stations for convenient drop-offs, with donations transported using spare metro capacity to designated stations for collection by charities, reducing reliance on dedicated transportation. To ensure transparency and operational efficiency, we integrate a blockchain-based traceability system with smart contracts, enabling secure, real-time tracking of donations to enhance stakeholder trust, prevent food loss, and ensure regulatory compliance. We develop a multi-objective optimization framework that balances food waste reduction, transportation cost minimization, and social impact maximization, supported by a mixed-integer linear programming (MIP) model to optimize donation allocation based on urban demand patterns. By combining decentralized logistics, blockchain-enhanced traceability, and advanced optimization techniques, this study offers a scalable and adaptable framework for urban food redistribution, improving food security in Quito while providing a replicable blueprint for cities worldwide seeking to implement circular and climate-resilient food supply chains.

ABSTRACT This article presents a comprehensive taxonomy and survey of Cybersecurity Control Schemes (CCS) tailored for Smart Grids (SG), with a particular focus on vulnerabilities in the IEC 61850 standard and the countermeasures provided by IEC 62351. The taxonomy introduces four main dimensions to analyse 25 tailored CCS for SG, covering research from 2013 to 2023. It establishes classification criteria that encompass: (i) deployment strategies, categorised into five levels based on SG supervision hierarchy; (ii) security mechanisms, including prevention, detection and response mechanisms; (iii) mitigated threats, such as False Data Injection (FDI), Denial‐of‐Service (DoS), masquerade attacks, replay attacks, data tampering; and (iv) protected applications within the power system domain, such as supervisory, protection, and control applications, time synchronisation and synchrophasor data applications. The survey evaluates CCS characteristics aligned with IEC 61850 and IEC 62351 standards and provides a structured analysis of CCS deployment, commonly used data parameters, security mechanisms and response actions for mitigating cyberthreats in SG. Finally, by integrating lessons from industry standards, academic research and practical considerations, this study identifies open challenges and outlines future research opportunities to enhance CCS robustness. The findings offer actionable insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to strengthen the cybersecurity of SG systems.

Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) increase the transport capacity of standard optical networks, and have been proposed as a short-term solution to satisfy the dynamic demands of service quality requirements. To this end, the development of algorithms to better facilitate Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA) is envisaged to have a critical impact on the performance of EON. Given the abundance of RSA algorithms, this study presents the unique challenge of organizing and classifying them meaningfully to understand and select the most suitable approach for the corresponding niche service quality requirements. This study proposes a novel taxonomy structure for grouping RSA algorithms based on the following criteria: (1) resource assignment policies, (2) flexibility type, (3) traffic type, (4) optimization approaches, (5) number of objective functions, and (6) problem separability. Finally, the contributions of this study are twofold: it presents a state-of-the-art taxonomy framework that organizes existing published works based on a set of predetermined criteria, and explores research opportunities involving RSA algorithms to realize the full potential of EONs in telecommunications. INDEX TERMS Classification criteria, elastic optical networks, routing and spectrum allocation, taxonomy. The continued demand growth for bandwidth in telecommunications networks, fueled by services such Video-On-Demand and streaming, is making the optical networks already deployed face capacity saturation. Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) arise as a short and medium-term solution since they increase optical network capacity as stated by López and Velasco [1] . According to [1], EONs combine different modulation techniques, conversion of electrical to optical signals, circuit switching of optical signals, and spectrum resource management algorithms. Jinno et al. [2] first proposed EON technology. These authors named their proposal Spectrum-sLICed Elastic optical path network (SLICE) [3]. Jinno et al. [2] stated that increased EON capacity can be achieved by optimizing the use of the available wavelength The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Tianhua Xu .

A través de entrevistas a profundidad se relata la vivencia de dos mujeres y madres con un hijo en situación de consumo. Recurriendo al método dialógico se identifican los mecanismos que estas personas han utilizado para afrontar esta situación en sus vidas. El documento ha recibido la retroalimentación de ambas mujeres en todo el proceso, especialmente en las conclusiones. El objetivo es describir la vivencia de mujeres con un hijo en situación de consumo de sustancias identificando los mecanismos de afrontamiento. Este estudio es cualitativo, basado en las historias de vida de dos mujeres; madres, mayores de 45 años, jefas de hogar, funcionarias del estado y viviendo en la Capital. En el análisis realizado se logra identificar características muy similares relacionadas con las variables: situación familiar, laboral y la relación madre-hijo. Así mismo, se encontraron aspectos incluso opuestos sobre todo en lo referente a las características individuales y a la proyección de vida. Antes que sentimiento de justificación y encubrimiento de las conductas relacionadas con el consumo de drogas de los hijos, el sentimiento común es de pérdida de control, así como negación de responsabilidad con el hijo adicto. El principal recurso en los momentos más críticos, es la creencia espiritual; la súplica y la oración. Otro recurso es el ámbito laboral, que se convierte en el principal espacio de oxigenación y contención. El silencio y retraimiento está muy asociado a un total descreimiento hacia las instituciones y los pocos servicios ofrecidos por el estado.

Los seguros paramétricos o basados en índices climáticos son contratos que estipulan indemnizaciones a partir de la ocurrencia de eventos climáticos especificados. Los contratos se basan en parámetros que buscan explicar las potenciales pérdidas de empresas, gobiernos, instituciones financieras o agricultores. Este tipo de seguros no requieren evaluación de daños, ni verificación de pérdidas. Al mismo tiempo demuestran un gran potencial como herramienta efectiva de manejo de riesgo, aunque también enfrentan desafíos en países en vías de desarrollo.

Traffic safety measures are generally designed based on historical traffic accident data. Therefore it is difficult for us to evaluate the exact effect of proposed junction modifications until the works are constructed and new accident data gathered. In particular, safety improvements may be designed in accordance with existing traffic flows, but the characteristics of traffic flow will change once the improvements are made. To address this problem, we examined the use of micro-traffic simulation using software packages NETSIM and Simr to model the effect of junction safety improvements. Actual case studies were modelled, and as a result, new safety evaluation techniques for junctions are proposed. traffic safety, traffic accident, simulation, intersection, junction

El trabajo asalariado de la mujer en las últimas décadas del siglo XIX y XX se encuadró en el modelo de relaciones laborales surgido de la Revolución Industrial, con la agravante de que la percepción de la trabajadora por la sociedad de la época perjudicó aún más su situación en el mercado de trabajo. Existió a finales del siglo XIX un fuerte rechazo social del trabajo femenino; una buena parte de la sociedad opinaba que el sitio de la mujer estaba en el hogar. A medida que avanzó el siglo XX la sociedad comenzó a tolerar el trabajo de la mujer sólo en situaciones de necesidad. El sosiego político de la última década del siglo XIX propició varias tentativas legislativas que no llegaron a cuajar. Finalmente, el proyecto, fuertemente criticado en los medios obrerors, que Eduardo Dato había remitido al Senado en 1889, se convirtió en la Ley de 13 de marzo de 1900. Esta Ley que reconoce por primera vez el derecho a la licencia por maternidad, lo caracteriza como un verdadero supuesto de suspensión del contrato de trabajo, cuyos rasgos esenciales son: inactividad laboral temporal, ausencia de remuneración y reserva de puesto de trabajo.