Universidad Pablo Guardado Chávez

This article analyzes recent advances and ethical challenges in aesthetic and reconstructive surgery in Mexico, with comparative insights from Colombia, based on demographic, clinical, technological, pharmacological, and ethical-legal dimensions observed between 2020 and 2024. Results showed that women were the majority recipients of procedures, though participation of men and semi-urban populations is increasing. Body contouring procedures dominated the aesthetic field, amplified by the widespread use of GLP-1 receptor agonists, while reconstructive practice focused on trauma and oncologic cases. Microsurgery remains the cornerstone of complex reconstructions, whereas robotic-assisted and AI-assisted techniques are emerging with promising but limited adoption. Complications were predominantly minor, yet major adverse events and arbitration cases persist, emphasizing the importance of perioperative safety, strict protocols, and robust risk communication. Failures in informed consent and unsatisfactory results were the most frequent causes of litigation, underscoring the role of ethical communication and patient-centered care. These findings suggest that the future of aesthetic and reconstructive surgery in Latin America depends on strengthening ethical frameworks, ensuring equitable access to innovation, and consolidating multidisciplinary collaboration to align technological progress with social responsibility.

The Enterobacteriaceae family poses health risks due to its role in gastrointestinal diseases like acute diarrhea. With rising antibiotic resistance, plants offer promising antibacterial compounds with low toxicity. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and toxicity of ethanolic (EE) and aqueous (AE) extracts from five Mexican medicinal plants traditionally used in Chiapas for treating acute diarrheal diseases (ADD). Antibacterial activity was assessed using disk diffusion assays and MIC determined by macrodilution. Toxicity tests were performed using Artemia salina. As a result, EE extracts exhibited higher antibacterial activity than AE extracts. Byrsonima crassifolia effectively inhibited Salmonella enteritidis (78.26%, MIC 50 mg/mL) and Shigella dysenteriae (76.19%, MIC 25 mg/mL). Solanum torvum showed efficacy against Escherichia coli (55.55%, MIC 12.5 mg/mL) and Salmonella enteritidis (73.91%, MIC 25 mg/mL). Euphorbia maculata inhibited Shigella dysenteriae (104.76%, MIC 25 mg/mL), while Guazuma ulmifolia and Bursera simaruba exhibited no antibacterial effects. All extracts were non-toxic (LD50 > 1000 μg/mL), indicating potential as natural alternatives for ADD treatment.

Palatability significantly influences food consumption, often leading to overeating and obesity by activating the brain's reward systems. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a central role in this process, modulating reward mechanisms primarily via dopamine through D2-like receptors (D2R, D3R, D4R). While the involvement of D2 receptors in feeding is well-documented, the role of D4 receptors (D4Rs) is less clear. Male Wistar rats received intra-NAc shell microinjections of the D4R agonist PD-168077 and the antagonist L-745870. This study also examined the modulation between D4R and glutamatergic transmission by administration of NMDA, NMDA receptor antagonist AP-5, AMPA, and AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX. PD-168077 increased sweet solution intake by 46%, an effect that was reversed by L-745870. Pre-treatment with NMDA prevented the stimulatory effect of PD-168077, whereas the NMDA receptor antagonist AP-5 had no such effect. Additionally, AMPA administration reduced sweet solution intake by 63%, counteracting the effect of PD-168077, while the AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX, on its own, increased intake by 40%. These findings suggest that D4Rs promote hedonic feeding by modulating glutamatergic transmission in the NAc shell, highlighting the complexity of D4R involvement in food intake regulation. This study underscores the potential of targeting D4Rs for therapeutic interventions in eating disorders and obesity, though further research is essential to clarify the precise mechanisms through which D4R modulates AMPA and NMDA receptor activity in feeding behavior.

sej2007-61742 del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion; psi2011-22559 del Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad