Universidade Positivo

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent and highly impacting neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide. Beyond its complexity, it’s a childhood-onset condition influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Among these, nutrition has emerged as a relevant modifiable factor, yet most studies have focused on isolated nutrients, overlooking dietary complex interplay. This study addresses that gap using a data-driven nutrient pattern approach. To identify nutrient patterns in children with ADHD and explore their association with behavioural symptoms. In this case–control study, 76 children aged 6–10 years (ADHD: n = 43, Neurotypical, n = 33) were included. Nutritional intake was assessed using 3-day food diaries and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to 24 total energy intakeadjusted dietary nutrients. Multivariable regression models assessed associations between nutrient patterns, individual nutrients, and ADHD-related symptoms measured by Child Behaviour Questionnaire (CBCL) and Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised: Short Form (CPRS-R:S). Seven major nutrient patterns were identified, explaining 76.7% of the total variance. Although no group-level differences in overall patterns reached statistical significance, the Antioxidant–Mineral factor showed a near-significant lower score in the ADHD group (p = 0.077). Children with ADHD consumed significantly less Monounsaturated fats (MUFAs) (p = 0.003), Polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) (p = 0.010), and vitamin C (p = 0.014). Vitamin A and selenium emerged as key nutrients associated with behavioral and emotional symptoms, and ADHD severity. Our findings suggest that children with ADHD may have lower intake of antioxidant-rich micronutrients and healthy fats, with implications for symptom severity. These results underscore the potential role for nutrition-based strategies in the clinical management of ADHD.

Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are key mediators of the cytotoxic and inflammatory activities of snake venoms. While PLA2 isoforms from Bothrops diporus venom have been characterized and shown to possess antimetastatic and antiangiogenic properties, their impact on mitochondrial bioenergetics and immune modulation has not yet been investigated. In this study, we examined the bioenergetic and immunomodulatory effects of B. diporus PLA2s using integrated biochemical, metabolic, and multiplex cytokine analyses. In MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, pooled PLA2s induced a dose-dependent decrease in MTT-reducing activity, increased mitochondrial ROS, caused Δψm hyperpolarization, and decreased NADH autofluorescence, collectively indicating sustained mitochondrial stress. Real-time impedance measurements further revealed a marked inhibition of cell proliferation. In human PBMCs, pooled PLA2s elicited a dynamic cytokine program, inducing early cytotoxic (Granzyme B) and chemotactic (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4) mediators, followed by late pro-inflammatory and regulatory factors such as IL-6, TNF-β, IL-10 and IL-15. Analysis of a single purified PLA2 isoform (Fraction 6) confirmed activation of the canonical IL-6/TNF-α/IL-1β axis but uniquely induced IL-10 and CCL20, revealing isoform-specific immunomodulatory properties. Altogether, these findings provide the first integrated characterization of mitochondrial and immune perturbations induced by B. diporus PLA2s, expanding their recognized biological scope and underscoring their potential as molecular templates for novel pharmacological strategies targeting mitochondrial vulnerabilities or modulating the tumor immune microenvironment.

Accurate attenuation correction (AC) is essential for quantitative brain positron emission tomography (PET), but it presents a significant challenge for dedicated PET-only systems that lack anatomical information from computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging. This review provides a comprehensive overview of AC methods designed for stand-alone brain PET. We categorise and analyse existing approaches, including traditional segmentation-based techniques, atlas- and template-driven strategies, methods for simultaneous reconstruction of attenuation and activity, and modern data-driven deep learning techniques. We discuss the inherent trade-offs of each category: template-based methods are computationally efficient and robust for normal anatomy but may fail in atypical cases, while simultaneous reconstruction methods can be powerful but are often sensitive to noise and require time-of-flight information. Deep learning approaches have demonstrated the highest potential for generating patient-specific attenuation maps but are critically dependent on large, diverse training datasets and face challenges in generalisability. Finally, we survey the methods currently implemented in commercial brain-dedicated PET systems, revealing a gap between cutting-edge research and clinical practice, where simpler, more established techniques are still preferred. This review highlights the ongoing need for CT-less AC solutions that balance accuracy, robustness, and practical feasibility for clinical adoption.

This cross-sectional study compared best-corrected visual acuity obtained using Cloudscaper symbols, a novel optotype developed according to ETDRS specifications for children's virtual screening, with that obtained using LEA symbols. A total of 560 children aged 3-16 yr underwent visual acuity test with both Cloudscaper symbols and LS. The test application was standardized using the EyeSpy algorithm. Additionally, 147 participants were tested with the standard Snellen E paper chart. Paired t tests were performed to assess the clinical significance of logMAR visual acuity differences. The mean logMAR visual acuity with LEA symbols was 0.12 (standard deviation [SD]=0.18; range, -0.10 to 0.80), while with Cloudscaper symbols it was 0.18 (SD=0.19; range, -0.10 to 0.80). The mean difference between Cloudscaper symbols and LEA symbols was 0.099 logMAR (approximately 0.5 optotypes; SD=0.08; range, 0.0-0.14; p<0.0001). Cloudscaper symbols slightly underestimated visual acuity compared to LEA symbols. Visual acuity measured by both methods was highly correlated (Spearman's r=0.74, p<0.0001). The mean visual acuity difference between Cloudscaper symbols and the Snellen E chart was 0.0045 (p=0.805; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]), whereas the difference between LEA symbols and Snellen E was 0.0883 (p<0.001; 95% CI). Cloudscaper symbols provide a reliable tool for visual screening in children. Although they slightly underestimate visual acuity compared to LEA symbols - a finding also reported when comparing ETDRS letters with LEA symbols - Cloudscaper symbols show strong agreement with Snellen E chart measurements. This suggests that Cloudscaper symbols allow precise visual acuity assessment comparable to the gold standard.

Resumo: Este trabalho aborda a relação entre Vigotski e a pedologia – ciência que tinha como escopo o estudo do desenvolvimento da criança –, trazendo, em um primeiro momento, o percurso histórico dessa disciplina no Ocidente, na Rússia e na União Soviética (URSS). Na URSS, a partir de 1928, a pedologia foi considerada pelas autoridades soviéticas como a ciência que promoveria a criação de um “novo homem” – o homem socialista – e, por conseguinte, foi implementada ao longo do sistema educacional soviético. Nesse momento, Vigotski inicia sua produção teórica sobre o desenvolvimento cultural da criança. Sua abordagem, sob uma perspectiva holística e dialética, considerava o desenvolvimento da criança e do adolescente em suas dimensões sociais, psicológicas, biológicas e fisiológicas. Tal perspectiva, segundo o próprio autor, fundamentaria a construção de uma pedologia marxista, cuja prática e metodologia se organizariam em torno dos fundamentos do materialismo dialético. Em 1936, com o banimento da pedologia na URSS, a obra vigotskiana também foi banida. Entende-se que a abordagem vigotskiana, na medida em que busca integrar dialeticamente vários campos disciplinares para o estudo do desenvolvimento infantil, pode oferecer contribuições para a superação da crise da psicologia identificada por ele e que perdura até os dias atuais.

Introdução: A comunicação sobre a morte na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) tensiona o paradigma biomédico de cura e a necessidade ética de decisões compartilhadas. Enquanto a norma técnica define a morte, a experiência da finitude demanda escuta qualificada e integração de dimensões existenciais. Objetivo: Identificar os principais obstáculos enfrentados pelos profissionais da APS com relação à comunicação sobre a morte. Métodos: Revisão de escopo (JBI) nas bases BVS e SciELO (fev–jul/2025), em português (1988–2025), aplicando o PRISMA-ScR. Incluiu-se literatura sobre desafios comunicacionais da finitude na APS. Resultados: Identificaram-se lacunas formativas em Cuidados Paliativos, gerando baixa autoeficácia profissional, somadas a barreiras organizacionais (falta de tempo, sobrecarga e medo de litígio) que adiam conversas difíceis. Em contraste, a longitudinalidade e o vínculo da APS mostram-se potentes para alinhar metas de cuidado. A interface ético-normativa indica que omissões fragilizam a autonomia, demandando protocolos e apoio institucional. Conclusão: O entrave comunicacional é sistêmico; nasce da formação insuficiente e é amplificado pela organização do trabalho. A resposta exige alinhar ensino e diretrizes éticas. Institucionalizar conversas sobre metas de cuidado e educação permanente reduz intervenções fúteis e qualifica a tomada de decisão centrada na pessoa.

Introduction: The legal protection of breastfeeding in Brazil occurs through the Brazilian Standard for the Marketing of Food for Infants and Young Children, Nipples, Pacifiers and Bottles (NBCAL), which regulates the commercial promotion and labeling of foods and products for newborns and children up to three years of age, such as nipples, pacifiers, bottles, industrialized baby food and infant formulas. Objective: To analyze compliance with NBCAL on Brazilian supermarket and pharmacy websites that sell infant formulas. Method: This quantitative, observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive study, in which pharmacy and supermarket websites were randomly selected on the Google® search platform, where infant formulas were available for purchase. Data collection on the websites was carried out using a checklist adapted to NBCAL recommendations for commercial promotion. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. Results: Among the 30 websites included, 1,109 infant formulas were published with commercial objectives. It was observed that, in relation to the prohibited promotion of Infant Formulas for Infants and Follow-up Infant Formulas for Infants, pharmacies presented approximately 74 (10.00%) inadequacies and supermarkets 9 (5.59%). Regarding the permitted advertising of Infant Follow-up Formulas for Early Childhood Children, supermarkets presented 32 (100,00%) non-conformities and, in pharmacies, the non-conformity was 154 (69.06%). Conclusions: No pharmacy or supermarket website fully complies with the NBCAL recommendations. Therefore, it i s necessary to strengthen monitoring and inspection of the electronic commerce of infant formulas.

A Bacia do rio Marrecas situa-se no Terceiro Planalto Paranaense e integra a Bacia do Rio Iguaçu, sendo o rio Marrecas afluente do rio Santana. O clima é mesotérmico superúmido e o relevo é predominantemente ondulado (45,1%) e fortemente ondulado (29,6%). Os solos são majoritariamente Nitossolo Vermelho (52,5%), seguidos de Neossolo Litólico (24,9%) e Latossolo Vermelho (19,7%). Originalmente coberta por Floresta Ombrófila Mista, a bacia é atualmente ocupada por lavouras de soja, pastagens e reflorestamentos, que representam 68,6% e 30,9% da área, respectivamente. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar o transporte de sedimentos e o aprofundamento do manto de intemperismo na bacia, avaliando a relação entre erosão mecânica e formação de solo. Para tanto, aplicou-se a metodologia de Tardy (1971), que relaciona dados litológicos, geoquímicos e hidrossedimentológicos, com base em análises físico-químicas da água e composição mineralógica das rochas. Em 2023, registrou-se precipitação anual de 2.614,6 mm, volume escoado de 573.520.608 m³ e transporte de 9.199,27 toneladas de SiO₂. A relação SiO₂/Al₂O₃ de 5,52 indicou bissialitização com formação de montmorilonita. O aprofundamento do perfil intempérico foi de 0,06615 mm/ano, sendo 0,0368 mm de erosão mecânica e 0,02935 milímetros de ganho líquido de solo, revelando resiliência ambiental e equilíbrio positivo da bacia.