Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo

A large quantity of by-products is generated by mango processing in Burkina Faso, but they are not widely used. The aim of this study is to characterise the nutritional and bioactive composition of the peels and kernels of six varieties of mango that were processed here. The results show that mango peels contain lower levels of lipids and proteins than kernels. However, they are richer in carbohydrates, fibre and ash. Kernels also have the highest levels of total phenolic compounds (257.81 ± 0.87–445.86 ± 0.65 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (63.08 ± 0.22–144.07 ± 0.68 mg QE/g) and demonstrate high antioxidant capacity (15.02 ± 1.01–16.16 ± 0.99 mg AAE/g). The kernels also have a higher tannin and phytate content (11.08 ± 0.09–44.35 ± 1.93 mg EAT/g and 2.42 ± 0.80–10.84 ± 1.86 mg/g, respectively). The vitamin C content is higher in the kernels than in the peels (30.42 ± 1.21–278.67 ± 1.76 mg/100 g). However, measurements of beta-carotene content showed that it was higher in the peels (76.42 ± 0.93 and 293.62 ± 2.91 mg/100 g) than in the kernels. The phytate-to-mineral ratios suggest limited bioavailability of zinc and iron in both the peels and kernels, while calcium remains bioavailable in all peel samples. These results highlight the high content of bioactive compounds and dietary fibre in mango peels and kernels, suggesting their potential as food ingredients if appropriate processing methods are employed to mitigate anti-nutritional factors. • The biochemical characteristics of mango by-products vary depending on the variety. • Mango peels and kernels are rich in phenolic compounds. • Mango kernels have been found to exhibit higher antioxidant capacity than the peels. • It is essential to reduce antinutritional factors in kernels before consumption.

Tomato cultivation has been growing rapidly in Burkina Faso in recent years. But its preservation remains a problem. This study was initiated with a view to contributing to tomato preservation and the diversification of tomato products. Four formulas of ripe tomato jam and four green tomato jams were developed after numerous trials. The sensory quality of these jams was determined. The results of the various sensory tests carried out led to the selection of two jams, CTM 2 and CTV 4, with acceptability levels of 46% and 33% respectively; these jams were used as samples for physico-chemical and microbiological analyses. For ripe tomato jam, physicochemical characteristics were as follows: moisture 34.95 ± 0.02%, pH 3.43 ± 0.01, acidity 1.10 ± 0.03%, SST 65.33 ± 0.38ºBrix, total ash 0.89 ± 0.11%. The results for green tomato jam were as follows: moisture content 28.85 ± 0.05%, pH 2.88 ± 0.01, acidity 2.31 ± 0.01%, Brix 68.40 ± 0.10%, total ash 0.91 ± 0.02%. Microbiological analyses showed results in line with recommended criteria for fungal flora, total flora, total coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus, so the tomato jams produced could be consumed without fear of food poisoning for the germs investigated in this study.

Although national and international institutions, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNAIDS, are making significant efforts to eradicate HIV by 2030, it remains a major threat to global public health. Despite its low prevalence, HIV continues to claim lives and remains a major public health issue, especially in developing countries. Thanks to the accessibility of antiretroviral drugs, the prevalence of this scourge has been gradually declining worldwide in recent years. Thus, the present article investigates antiretroviral therapy's effectiveness in controlling viral transmission through a fractional-order extension of a deterministic model. We study the boundedness of the model's solution by applying the Laplace transform to solve the fractional Gronwall inequality. To ensure the existence and uniqueness of the model's solution, we rely on the Picard-Lindelöf theorem. We also study the stability of the disease-free equilibrium point to qualitatively analyze the behavior of the model. Next, we perform a sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number $\mathcal{R}_0$ to evaluate its robustness concerning the model parameters. Finally, we simulate the approximate solutions of the fractional-order model in MATLAB for different values of the fractional order and present the results of the sensitivity analysis and numerical simulation. Our results demonstrate that the fractional model provides real added value in modeling, thanks to its ability to incorporate memory effects and finely tune transmission dynamics according to the fractional order, thereby allowing for a more realistic representation of epidemiological processes.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, with transmission influenced by the incidence of contagious people with TB, the duration of infectivity, and the probability of contact with susceptible individuals. This review synthesizes recent evidence on established and emerging risk factors influencing TB transmission, particularly in light of global trends such as migration, urbanization, and demographic shifts, to guide future prevention and control strategies. This scoping review maps and synthesizes evidence from systematic reviews on risk factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure. A preliminary general literature search was conducted in PubMed on 25 August 2024, using the keywords "tuberculosis," "risk factors," and "systematic review." A subsequent targeted search focused on systematic reviews published since 2000 that examined social and environmental determinants of exposure to M. tuberculosis identified in the general search. Original research and reviews spanning pre-2000 were excluded. Data extraction and synthesis followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Of the 344 systematic reviews identified, 14 met the eligibility criteria, reporting on key risk factors contributing to the incidence of contagious people with TB, the duration of infectivity, and the probability of contact. These risk factors included homelessness, migration, occupational exposure, urbanization, climate change, and air pollution. The findings emphasize the complex interrelated role of social and environmental determinants in driving TB transmission. This review highlights the need for a multi-sectoral approach to TB, as climate change, air pollution, overcrowding, stigma, and limited healthcare access exacerbate established risks related to poverty. Effective prevention and control require targeted interventions that address these interconnected factors.

Introduction: The leaves of Leucas martinicensis are used in Burkina Faso to treat many diseases such as fever, bronchitis, insomnia and malaria. But there is a lack of toxicity documentation to inform the users. Therefore, the absence these crucial information’s can cause serious public health problems.Materials and Methods: To fill this gap, we investigated on acute and subacute toxicity study of the hydroalcoholic extract of L. martinicensis following the OECD method. For acute toxicity, the limit dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight was administered. In the subacute toxicity study, four groups of rats were formed, including a control group that received distilled water for 28 days and three other groups that received doses of the hydroalcoholic extract of L. martinicensis of 100, 400, and 700 mg/kg, respectively, for the same period.Results: The LD50 was determined and hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed. The LD50 was greater than 5000 mg/kg, and there were no significant changes in the rats body weight or the relative weight of their organs (heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen). Urea was the only biochemical parameter that showed a significant increase.Conclusion: The hematological analysis did not show any significant variation. The hydroalcoholic extract of L. martinicensis is practically non-toxic. However, at high doses, the extract has a moderate toxic effect characterized by an increase in uremia.

Le diagnostic tardif constitue une cause principale de la mortalité élevée des cancers pédiatriques dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. Cette étude vise à mesurer les délais diagnostiques des cancers chez les enfants et à en examiner les relations avec le niveau socio-économique du ménage au Burkina Faso. Une étude transversale descriptive et exploratoire a été menée auprès de 36 enfants hospitalisés entre décembre 2023 et janvier 2024 dans les unités d'oncologie pédiatrique du CHU-YO et du CHUP-CDG à Ouagadougou. Les délais ont été calculés à partir des registres, des dossiers médicaux et des entretiens avec des accompagnants de l'enfant. Les corrélations ont été évaluées à l'aide du test de corrélation des rangs de Spearman ainsi que des tests de Mann-Whitney et de Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0,05). Le délai médian total de diagnostic était de 17,2 semaines [IQR: 22,9]. Le délai référentiel représentait la phase la plus longue (5,9 semaines). Les corrélations les plus fortes concernaient le délai préhospitalier, le niveau d'instruction des parents, l'accès à l'électricité, le statut de déplacé, la maîtrise du français et le nombre de pièces du logement (ρ = −0,37 à −0,47; p < 0,05). Près de la moitié des enfants (47,2%) avaient consulté la médecine traditionnelle. Les délais diagnostiques des cancers pédiatriques au Burkina Faso demeurent substantiels et sont liés aux contraintes du système de santé et aux inégalités socio-économiques. Le renforcement des capacités des structures de premier recours, un appui social aux ménages vulnérables et une meilleure compréhension du recours à la médecine traditionnelle seront nécessaires.

The widespread use of fluoroquinolones has led to the emergence of resistant strains, complicating the treatment of bacterial infections. This study aimed to analyze quinolone resistance in Gram-negative bacilli isolated from semen samples in Burkina Faso. A total of 311 semen samples were used in the study. The bacteria present were isolated and identified using standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed, and isolates resistant to at least one of the quinolones tested were analyzed by conventional PCR to detect the resistance genes aac(6')-Ib, qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS. A total of 8 samples (2.58%) were culture-positive, with a predominance of Escherichia coli (62.5%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (37.5%). All Klebsiella pneumoniae species were susceptible to antibiotics, while Escherichia coli strains showed resistance rates of 50% to ciprofloxacin, 37.5% to norfloxacin, and 12.5% to levofloxacin. Molecular analysis of the isolates revealed a high prevalence of the qnrA gene (75%), followed by the aac(6')-Ib and qnrB genes (50% each). In addition, 50% of isolates contained both the qnrA and qnrB genes, and 25% contained both aac(6')-Ib and qnrA. The detection of these plasmid resistance genes highlights the importance of monitoring the evolution of antibiotic resistance and promoting the judicious use of antibiotics in order to limit its spread.