Universities Austria

The natural product Adenosintriphosphate ATP and steel coatings comprise carbohydrate, amine and phosphoric acid.Both exert intumescence, but ATP produces more expanded volume than steel coating.The expansion is determined by Thermomechanical Analysis TMA, the amount of residue by Thermogravimetric Analysis TGA and the evolved or consumed heats by Differential Scanning Calorimetry DSC.Formulas of degradation allow the calculation of decomposition, char formation and expansion.A requirement for intumescence is the product CnHmHPO 3 of degradation.Boric and Silicic acids, which also occur as meta acids, showed no capability of intumescence.Only phosphoric esters or amides exert intumescence.Amines are not essential for intumescence.Another common feature of the natural products ATP and DNA Desoxyribonucleic acid and of the amine salts Melamine Polyphosphate, Cyanurate and Barbiturate as well as Guanidinium Polyphosphate, Cyanurate and Sulfamate is self organization.DNA, which self organizes in a helix structure, is comparable with amine salts self organized in lattices.The energies of lattice are dependent on the strength of interaction, they are higher for ion-ion and lower for dipol-dipol arrangement.

One very prominent context of the Pre-Christian history of Armenia of course lies with its relations with the great neighbouring empires of Parthia and Rome. These relations were mainly the result of Armenia’s geopolitical location between the two empires, its natural resources and its control of strategic long-distance routes. From a Roman point of view, Armenia certainly was the most important geopolitical concern in the East. Roman-Armenian relations therefore are a vast and complex subject, and their history extends over many centuries. In the years between 114 and 117 AD these relations assumed an extraordinary albeit short-lived condition when the kingdom of Greater Armenia became a Roman province. The present contribution reviews the Roman inscriptions that can be dated to this period, as well as the historical evidence they provide for the history of Greater Armenia as a Roman province.

Some cases at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR, the Court) appear to be impossible to be justly resolved: Should the Court either deny maternity, by deciding to destruct the frozen embryos against the wishes of the woman who contributed her ovum, or force paternity against the will of the applicant‘s former partner? The ECtHR dealt with this question in the Evans v The United Kingdom case, which entails a conflict between human rights, namely a ‘ conflict between the Article 8 rights of two private individuals ‘ (para. 73). Also, Ladele v The United Kingdom, Axel Springer AG v Germany and Fernández Martinez v Spain are just some additional examples of cases at the Court which encompass conflicts between Convention Rights. However, there is little literature covering possible human rights conflicts and the existing literature with its different approaches is widely scattered, making it difficult for practitioners to get a profound overview. The book When Human Rights Clash at the European Court of Human Rights: Conflict or Harmony?, composed of contributions by different renowned authors, with the editors Stijn Smet and Eva Brems leading the way, is a compelling compendium of various approaches to tackle not only the resolution of human rights conflicts but also the very possibility of their existence. The book is divided into two parts, with the first part (pp. 23) setting out different theoretical approaches and the second part (pp. 75) resolving the four cases, mentioned at the beginning of this review, which form the ‘ analytical backbone ‘ of the book (p. 2). While some might criticise that this work is a mere collection of separate papers by different contributors, it must be emphasised that it is a coherent whole with the four cases running like a common thread through all the separate chapters. In the second part of the book, each of the four cases is discussed in two chapters from a different angle by two authors, which leaves the reader the impression of a comprehensive resolution of the human rights conflict each case entails.

Patients with umbilical or epigastric hernias benefit from mesh- based repairs, and even more so if a concomitant rectus diastasis (RD) is present. The ideal technique is, however, still under debate. In this study we introduce the minimal invasive linea alba reconstruction (MILAR) with the supraaponeurotic placement of a fully absorbable synthetic mesh. Midline reconstruction with anterior rectus sheath repair and mesh augmentation by an open approach is a well-known surgical technique for ventral hernia repair. Between December 1, 2016, and November 30, 2017, 20 patients with symptomatic umbilical and/or epigastric hernias, and coexisting RD underwent a minimally invasive complete reconstruction of the midline through a small access route. The inner part of both incised and medialized anterior rectus sheaths was replaced by a fully absorbable synthetic mesh placed in a supraaponeurotic position. Patients were hospitalized for an average of 4 days and the mean operating time was 79 minutes. The mean hernia defect size was 1.5 cm in diameter and the mean mesh size was recorded as 15.8 cm in length and 5.2 cm in width. Two patients sustained surgical postoperative complications in terms of symptomatic seroma occurrences with successful interventional treatment.The early results (mean follow-up period of 5 months) showed no recurrences and only 1 patient reported occasional pain following exertion without rest. MILAR is a modification of the recently published endoscopic linea alba reconstruction restoring the normal anatomy of the abdominal wall. A new linea alba is formed with augmentation of autologous tissue consisting of the plicated anterior rectus sheaths. Supraaponeurotic placement of a fully absorbable synthetic mesh eliminates potential long-term mesh-associated complications. Regarding MILAR, there is no need for endoscopic equipment due to the uniquely designed flexible lighted retractors, meaning one assistant less is required.

To develop a simple method for combining multi-echo phase information from a number of coils in an array that requires no volume coil or additional scans and yields signal-to-noise ratio-optimal images that reflect only ΔB0-related phase. Two SNR optimal coil combination methods were developed which retrieve the ΔB0-related phase by determining the coil-dependent phase offsets. The first variant, MCPC-3D-S, requires the unwrapping of one phase image; the second variant, ASPIRE, allows unwrapping to be avoided if two echoes j and k satisfy the echo time relation m⋅TEk=(m+1)⋅TEj, where m is an integer, making this a particularly fast and robust approach. Both developed methods constitute improvements over a prior method, MCPC-3D, in terms of robustness and computational expense. In the brain at 7 T, phase matching and contrast-to-noise ratio were higher with MCPC-3D-S and ASPIRE than with phase difference reconstruction, and similar to the reference coil-dependent Roemer combination. Unlike the Roemer and virtual reference coil methods, the proposed approaches also eliminated all non- ΔB0-related phase. MCPC-3D-S is an improvement over prior multi-echo methods, which is useful if the ASPIRE echo time condition cannot be fulfilled. ASPIRE is a particularly fast and robust approach that runs on the scanner's reconstructor in a small fraction of the acquisition time. Magn Reson Med 79:2996-3006, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

In Osterreich haben sich gegen Ende der 1990er Jahre einschneidende studienrechtliche Entwicklungen in einer relativ kurzen Zeitspanne zugetragen. Obwohl sich die hochschulpolitischen VertreterInnen vor dem Zustandekommen des Universitatsstudiengesetzes vor 1997 noch gegen eine dreigliedrige Studienstruktur (Bakkalaureat/Magister/Doktorat) ausgesprochen hatten, kam es durch europaische bildungspolitische Entwicklungen (Sorbonne-Deklaration, Mai 1998) 1998/1999 zu einem Schwenk. Anhand der medialen Berichterstattung soll gezeigt werden, a.) ob den Ereignissen um die Unterzeichnung der Sorbonne- bzw. Bologna-Deklaration (Juni 1999) in osterreichischen Printmedien Beachtung geschenkt wurde; b.) welcher Stellenwert diesen Deklarationen zukam bzw. ob es andere Referenzpunkte fur die studienrechtlichen Veranderungen in Osterreich gab; und letztendlich, c.) inwieweit ZeitungsleserInnen fundierte Informationen zur dreigliedrigen Struktur bzw. der im Entstehen begriffenen Bologna-Reform erhielten.

The ICSID Convention provides for one of the strongest regimes for enforcement of its awards. Consequently, finality of the ICSID awards was rarely disputed in the past. However, recently, there has been a growing sense of investment awards being subjected to challenge by domestic courts. Moreover, this phenomenon is not only confined to investment disputes arising under the ICSID Convention and even amongst non-ICSID states also, taking advantage of the greater space granted to the national law under the New York Convention, the investment treaty awards are subject to unwarranted challenges at the stage of enforcement of awards. It is in this background, taking India as an example, the paper aims to find out how the international investment awards will be enforced in India and what major legal challenges that it will encounter during the process of recognition and enforcement. For this purpose, the paper closely reviews a number of recent and significant Indian rulings on arbitration and notes that the enforcement of such awards faces a number of challenges including interpretative hurdles, multiple jurisdictional claims and parallel proceedings and extreme judicial delays. It finally suggests that the creation of an exclusive legal mechanism for the enforcement of investment arbitral awards will remove the legal impediments associated with the enforcement of the arbitral awards and bring about the desired changes in the expeditious disposal of enforcement cases.

The influence of disorder on the superconducting properties ofMgB2 wires was investigated. Disorder was introduced in three different ways: by the additionof SiC, by neutron irradiation or by a low processing temperature. We find anearly identical influence of these three methods on the normal state resistivity,on the upper critical field and on the critical currents in all three cases. Theresidual resistivity turns out to be a useful parameter for disorder, if normalizedappropriately. We extract the mean free path of the charge carriers in theσ band from the Gor’kov–Goodman relation. The wires investigated in this study fall in therange from the moderately clean to the dirty limit. The most important change in view ofpossible applications is the increase of the upper critical field, leading to higher criticalcurrents in high magnetic fields.