University of Diyala

The increasing density of IoT devices has intensified spectrum scarcity and security challenges in modern wireless communication systems. Conventional spectrum allocation mechanisms are centralized, static, and vulnerable to privacy leakage and malicious attacks. This paper proposes a federated learning–based intelligent spectrum management framework for cognitive IoT networks. Unlike traditional centralized learning, the proposed approach enables distributed IoT nodes to collaboratively train a global spectrum decision model without sharing raw data, thereby preserving privacy and enhancing security. Each node locally learns spectrum availability patterns and interference characteristics, while a lightweight aggregation mechanism updates the global model. Simulation results show that the proposed framework improves spectrum utilization efficiency, reduces interference, and enhances communication security compared to centralized and non-intelligent spectrum management schemes.

ABSTRACT Enhancing heat transfer during the charging process of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems remains a critical challenge due to the low thermal conductivity of phase change materials. This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation of a finned LHTES unit employing paraffin RT82 enhanced with 0–10 vol.% Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles. Longitudinal fins and multiple heating configurations were examined to elucidate their effects on conduction‐ and convection‐dominated heat transfer during melting. A transient enthalpy–porosity model was developed and validated against experimental data, with temperature deviations remaining within 3%. Dual‐sided heating provided the most uniform thermal distribution, achieving complete melting within 4 h at an HTF inlet temperature of 90°C and a mass flow rate of 37.5 kg/min. The dispersion of Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles increased the effective thermal conductivity of the PCM to 0.265 W/m·K at 10 vol.%, accelerating heat diffusion and reducing charging time, particularly under external and dual‐sided heating. Axial temperature measurements revealed reduced thermal gradients due to the combined effects of fin‐assisted conduction and nano‐enhanced heat transport. Under transient HTF inlet conditions, optimal thermal response occurred at a flow rate of 29.4 kg/min, reflecting a balance between convective transport and residence time. A nearly constant HTF inlet–outlet temperature difference during melting indicated stable latent heat absorption. The analysis is limited to charging behavior under controlled conditions. Uncertainty analysis confirmed high measurement reliability, with onset and peak melting temperatures of 70.13°C ± 0.15°C and 82.18°C ± 0.05°C, respectively.

Background: When uremia is connected to chronic kidney failure, immune system regulation is weakened. It is unknown how oxidative stress affects phagocytic cell functions in uremic patients, despite the fact that it damages cellular functioning. Objectives: Evaluating the connection between oxidative stress signs and phagocytic cell dysfunction in uremic dialysis patients. Methods: Across-sectional observational study was conducted with 150 uremic patients receving maintenance hemodialysis and 100 healthy controls who were matched for age and sex. As indicators of oxidative stress(MDA, SOD and GPx1)were measured. Analyzing macrophage activity and cytokine production(CD163, MMR1) was part of the macrophage functional assay. Results: Females had a higher samples rate than males, with 140 (56%) compared to 110 (44%) with significant difference (P< 0.05), The estimation macrophage activity result obtained from ELISA test showed that the samples exhibited statistically highly significant difference (P< 0.001) in the distribution of (MMR1 & CD163), no statistically significant difference in SOD and MDA levels between uremic patients and control groups (p= 0.293 and p=0.250, respectively), whereas GPx1 levels demonstrated highly significant difference (p< 0.001). The results correlation between oxidative stress and macrophage dysfunction exhibited the samples,significant difference(P< 0.05) and (P< 0.001). Conclusion: These results indicate a significant association between macrophage activation markers and oxidative stress parameters in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis.

Pollution by toxic metals represents a great environmental concern. Industrial activities release high levels of metals into the environment, adversely affecting human health. This study aimed to assess levels of lead and copper contamination in the areas surrounding Diyala State Company as well as to evaluate the efficiency of roadside plants in absorbing these metals from soil by their leaves, thereby exploring their role in reducing environmental pollution. Soil and leaf samples were collected from four directions surrounding the company and at distances in each direction (100, 500, 1,000, 2,000 meters). Leaf samples were collected from four plants: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Ricinus communis, Dodonaea viscosa, and Malva parviflora between June and August 2024. The findings revealed high concentrations of lead and copper. The highest lead concentration was in the eastern part (3 mg/kg) in E. camaldulensis at site E3. The highest copper concentration was in the northern part (1.36 mg/kg) in R. communis at site N2, and D. viscosa was recorded with the highest lead concentration (2.43 mg/kg) in the northern part at site N4. M. parviflora showed higher lead concentration in the western part (1.58 mg/kg) at site W1. The maximum bioaccumulation coefficient for lead uptake was exhibited in E. camaldulensis, followed by R. communis, which also demonstrated the highest uptake of copper in most locations, particularly in the northern part. According to their efficiency in heavy metal uptake and accumulation, the plants were ranked as follows: E. camaldulensis > R. communis > D. viscosa > M. parviflora. It is clear that these plants have shown a high capacity for absorbing heavy metals, which positively impacts the environment and allows for their inclusion in bioremediation programs.

When 2-naphthol is reacted with the diazonium salt of 5-amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione, (E)-5-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-yl)diazenyl))-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione is produced. Utilized microelemental analysis (C.H.N.O.) and spectroscopic studies (FTIR, UV-Vis, 1H and 13C-NMR, Mass) to determine the azo ligand. . Metal chelates of transition metals were prepared and analyzed using mass spectra, atomic absorption of flame, elemental analysis, infrared and UV-Vis spectral processes, as well as conductivity and magnetic measurements. The nature of the compounds produced has been studied following the mole ratio and continuous contrast methods, and Beer's law was followed during a concentration scope (1×10-4 - 3×10-4 mol/L). High molar absorptivity of compound solutions has been noticed. Analytical data showed that all the complexes are outo 1:2 metal-ligand ratio, except for the palladium complex, which has appeared at a 1:1 ratio. At the radix for physicochemical datum, an octahedral structure has been described for Ni(II) and Pt(IV) complexes and a square planar structure for the Pd(II) complex. Biological activity has been explored in connection to the effects of these complexes on blood lymphocyte division in the presence of PHA. The findings show that at different concentrations, Lpd causes a halt in cell division, which is more apparent. Furthermore, by generating a sustained mitotic block during the metaphase/anaphase, ligand (L) inhibited the proliferation of lymphocyte cell lines. Apart from that, using the chemicals produced to dye cotton fabric was a workable method. Dye stability under light and detergent conditions has been investigated.

In this work, chromium oxide nanoparticles were created using the co-precipitation approach, binary composite of chromium oxide and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in THF was created using the solution-processing method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were utilized to examine the morphology and determine the average size, revealing the hexagonal crystal structure of Cr3O4 nanoparticles. The weight loss method and a standard microscope were used to evaluate these compounds' corrosion inhibitions on steel in 5 M hydrochloric acid. The investigation into weight loss has shown that these chemicals' inhibitory efficacy changes with solution temperature and immersion time and rises with increasing weight. The different thermodynamic parameters were also computed in order to look into the corrosion inhibition process. The Freundlich adsorption isotherm governs how nanoparticles adsorb on steel surfaces in acid. The rate of the nanomaterial inhibitors was higher than 83.04%. The creation of a protected adsorption surface was thought to be the cause of the steel's potent inhibitory action. According to the computed values of the thermodynamic functions (ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS), the corrosion of the steel was endothermic, spontaneous, and non-random in the synthesized samples.

ABSTRACT [Ag(btt) 2 (NO 3 )] complex was synthesized using 1,2‐benzodithiol‐3‐thione (btt) as a ligand depending on one‐pot synthesis method. FTIR, 1 H‐NMR, elemental analysis, and molar conductivity were used to characterize the silver complex structure. The characterization results prove that btt ligand is attached to the silver center with mono‐dentate behavior through the exocyclic sulfur atom. The silver complex was utilized as a novel precursor for silver nanoparticles using ultrasound method on silver complex powder in 75 mL of deionized water and ultrasonication for 1 h at 90°C using an ultrasonic probe device with a power rating of 150 W. The solution underwent a noticeable color change to blackish‐red. UV–Vis spectrum, XRD pattern, and TEM underscore resulting silver nanoparticles with a diameter range of 47–105 nm, this result from the capping agent effect of btt ligand. The hydrogen storage behavior of [Ag(btt) 2 (NO 3 )] was investigated under different pressures (10–100 bar) at 223 K. The results showed maximum storage of 3.66 wt% at an equilibrium pressure of 88 bar within only 9 s. The kinetic studies were applied on the hydrogen uptake and the results prove that hydrogen storage follows the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model, as it showed a strong correlation with a value of R 2 = 0.996 and K 2 = 0.117 wt% s −1 .

Lung cancer ranks as the second most prevalent cancer worldwide and exhibits the highest mortality rate among all cancers. It primarily consists of two subtypes: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), with NSCLC representing 80-85% of cases. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is crucial in lung cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs, significantly influence the tumor microenvironment by modulating cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis through the targeting of specific genes. Depending on their targets, miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets. Additionally, miRNAs serve as novel biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. Understanding the key miRNAs involved in lung cancer and their interactions with pathways like Wnt is essential for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review focuses on how specific miRNAs affect the Wnt pathway's components and their roles in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and therapy resistance, emphasizing their potential as therapeutic targets in NSCLC. Ultimately, this review aims to improve clinical outcomes and facilitate personalized therapeutic approaches for this aggressive malignancy.

ABSTRACT Thermal energy storage (TES) systems play a vital role in enhancing energy efficiency and reducing dependence on nonrenewable resources. This study investigates the synergistic integration of triangular fins and nanoparticle‐infused phase change materials (PCMs) to enhance heat transfer in a large triplex tube heat exchanger (TTHX). Numerical simulations, conducted using ANSYS Fluent 15 software, supported by experimental validation with an average deviation of around 2%, were used to evaluate fin placement, fin geometry, and the effect of 10 wt% Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles into the PCM. Results show that triangular fins significantly improve heat transfer, with external fins providing the fastest melting. The addition of nanoparticles increases thermal conductivity by nearly 25% and, when combined with optimized fins, reduces the melting time to 163 min. Energy‐performance analysis confirms that nano‐PCM accelerates charging due to enhanced conductivity, while pure PCM retains higher total stored energy. The optimal configuration, where eight external copper fins of 141 mm length and an 18% aspect ratio, delivered the best overall performance. These findings demonstrate that combining fin‐geometry optimization with nanoparticle enhancement substantially improves TES efficiency. The proposed approach is well‐suited for solar thermal systems, industrial waste‐heat recovery, and compact TES applications.