University of Education Upper Austria

Current earth fault distance measurement based on symmetrical components does not work very well in compensated systems because the steady-state currents through the fault location are significantly smaller than the load currents. It is not possible to distinguish between load current and fault current. It has also been assumed that the fault impedance, including the arc, is a linear impedance. However, this is not the case in the real world, especially for faults in the cable section of a line. The air gap creates an additional layer of insulation with increased and variable ignition voltage. This non-linearity affects the current waveform, voltage waveform, and frequency of the low-current arc. With the new modified method, it is now possible to distinguish between the fault current and the load current and to compensate for the effects of the nonlinearities of the fault impedances. The accuracy of the impedance measurement from the measuring point to the fault location is significantly improved. This paper presents the new method in detail for self-extinguishing and re-igniting earth faults in overhead and cable networks.

Abstract Plant communities from the highlands of the Mühlviertel region of Upper Austria are described. These communities originated from grassland use and are currently subject to vegetation dynamics due to extensification. As a result of delayed mowing dates, a reduction in mowing frequency, and the partial retention of vegetation on the areas, the dynamics of species composition can be traced, with a tendency toward the promotion and dominance of individual species. In the medium term, largely homogenized species sets will emerge at the growth sites, resulting in significantly reduced floristic and sociological diversity. Based on the findings, a discussion on management practices is encouraged, also with regard to the effectiveness of the funding criteria of the current agri-environmental programs.

Digitally delivered physical exercise interventions are becoming increasingly popular in addressing the obesity epidemic. However, there remains uncertainty on their efficacy regarding the reduction of body weight (BW) and body fat, which may, at least partly, be due to variations in study designs and inconsistent adherence to international physical activity (PA) guidelines. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of digital exercise interventions based on PA guidelines in reducing BW and fat in adults with overweight or obesity, as well as their impact on PA-related factors. This review was conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Comprehensive searches were performed in October 2024 across PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Ovid MEDLINE databases. Eligible studies included adults (aged ≥18 years) with objectively confirmed overweight or obesity who used digital interventions aligned with international PA guidelines. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias (version 2) tool for randomized controlled trials and the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions tool for nonrandomized studies. A random-effects meta-analysis with Hartung-Knapp adjustment was performed using R software. Out of 4948 studies identified, 188 (3.8%) were screened in full and 30 (0.6%) met the eligibility criteria. Intervention durations ranged from 8 weeks to 24 months (average 6.4, SD 5.5 months). Meta-analysis showed that guideline-based digital exercise interventions significantly reduced BW compared to controls (mean difference [MD]=-1.17 kg; P=.003; I2=0.0%), with subgroup analysis revealing greater effects in active (nondigital) controls (MD=-1.23 kg; I2=7.5%) compared to passive (waitlist) controls (MD=-0.52 kg; I2=0.0%). A significant reduction in BMI was observed (MD=-0.50 kg/m2; P=.003), although with substantial heterogeneity (I2=70.0%), and subgroup analysis showed greater effects compared to passive controls (MD=-0.70 kg/m2; I2=43.1%) rather than to active controls (MD=-0.45 kg/m2; I2=74.5%). No significant effect was observed for body fat percentage overall (MD=-0.08%; P=.84; I2=7.4%). Qualitative analysis (including findings from noncomparative studies) showed that guideline-based digital exercise interventions led to significant reductions in BW (22/25, 88% studies; range -1.3 to -8.4 kg); BMI (19/23, 83% of studies; range -0.4 to -3.4 kg/m2); waist circumference (15/16, 94% of studies; range -2.1 to -9.2 cm), body fat percentage (9/9, 100% of studies; range -0.3% to -4.1%); and fat mass (7/7, 100% of studies; range -0.4 to -6.5 kg), while findings for waist-to-hip ratio and PA outcomes were inconsistent. Guideline-based digital PA and exercise interventions show potential in reducing excess BW in adults with overweight or obesity, with stronger effects when compared to nondigital interventions. However, their superiority over traditional methods is uncertain for BMI and body composition. Substantial variations in study designs present challenges in drawing definitive conclusions on specific characteristics of effective digital exercise tools. PROSPERO CRD42024620020; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024620020.

Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) bietet großes Potenzial für die Tätigkeit als Lehrkraft. Die Lehrer:innenbildung spielt eine entscheidende Rolle dabei, den sinnvollen und verantwortungsvollen Umgang mit KI zu vermitteln. Als Basis zur Weiterentwicklung der hochschulischen Lehre wurde die Sicht der Studierenden im Bereich der Berufspädagogik an einer pädagogischen Hochschule erhoben. Dazu wurde eine Fragebogenstudie bei 238 Studierenden durchgeführt. Es wurde den Fragen nachgegangen, wie die Studierenden den Einsatz von KI im Studium wahrnehmen und welche Akzeptanz jene, die bereits an Schulen tätig sind, in Bezug auf KI und Schule aufweisen. Die Studierenden zeigen hohes Interesse, aber auch Unsicherheiten im Umgang mit KI. Die Lehrkräfte stehen KI positiv gegenüber und nutzen sie vorwiegend zur Unterrichtsvorbereitung.

Physical education (PE) is often considered an ideal setting for the promotion of physical activity (PA) among adolescents and for the encouragement of an active lifestyle in adulthood. In order to achieve this goal, however, it is necessary to foster a positive attitude towards PE. The present study examined attitudes towards and the perceived importance of PE among Austrian adolescents. A total of 3011 adolescents (47.5% female) between 10 and 17 years of age completed a standardized questionnaire during regular school hours. In addition, body weight and height were measured. Overall, 78.5% stated that PE is important to them and 84.3% believed that PE positively affects their health and well-being. PE also motivated 68.4% of the participants to engage in leisure time PA, and 69.9% would like to have daily PE. Further, 91.0% reported a good relationship with their PE teacher while 68.6% considered themselves to be good at sports. Nevertheless, there was a significant decline in the perceived value of PE with increasing age, and among girls, as well as those with excess body weight, perceived PE to be less important. As these groups are particularly vulnerable for low PA levels, it is important to provide challenging and enjoyable experiences that foster a positive attitude towards PE. Ensuring positive experiences throughout students' school careers could play a key role in promoting an active lifestyle later in life.

The population of adult CHD patients is continuously increasing. The underlying CHD affects performance and prognosis, but also has a significant impact on quality of life, psychosocial behaviour, anxiety and emotional disturbances. This study analyzes these parameters of patients after one or more heart operations and the possible psychological effects of medical and psychosocial complications at the Department of Cardiology of the Kepler University Hospital Linz. A total of 81 subjects participated in the questionnaire survey of the Institute of Cardiology and Clinical Psychology during their annual cardiological check-up. Of these, 80 participants were included in the study and three showed a mild CHD, 49 a moderate one, and 28 a severe one. This study has an exploratory design to assess possible stress factors and limitations in quality of life. For this purpose, a self-administered sociodemographic questionnaire and three standardised questionnaires were used. In summary, the quality of life of adult CHD is considered depending on the severity of the symptoms and compared with the healthy population. Differences in this regard are observed in individuals with lower symptom severity, who report higher psychological well-being. Sex differences are observed in physical role function and physical functioning. Based on the results, regular repetitions of the study, as well as continuous psychological and psychosocial support, are necessary, since challenges are predictable with the increasing age of adult CHD patients and since the upholding of good quality of life and dealing with difficult life circumstances must be supported.

Abstract The present study investigates whether L2 learners of English distinguish between (un)grammatical word orders after fronted negative adverbials to identify negative inversion. Previous research on transfer and resetting of verb second (V2) in L1 German–L2 English is extended to explore residual V2 in the form of negative inversion. An acceptability judgment task elicited sentence ratings from advanced German-speaking learners of English for fronted negative adverbials with local and sentential scope. In addition, corpus frequency data of these negative adverbials were related to the learners’ ratings in order to investigate the potential role of input effects. Results suggest that linguistic constraints on microvariation with respect to fronting negative adverbials are broadly in place for learners at this proficiency level, as the scope of fronted negation has an effect on acceptability of negative inversion. Continued significant differences in acceptability judgements of advanced learners compared to native speakers indicate, however, that learners have not completely converged on the target pattern of microvariation. This is related to frequency and reliability of input.