University of Guilan

Perseverative negative thinking is a significant cognitive process strongly associated with psychological distress and mental disorders. In light of Afghanistan’s ongoing social and economic challenges, a reliable self-report measure is essential for accurate clinical assessment among Afghan populations. The present study aimed to translate and validate the Dari/Farsi version of the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ) in a sample of Afghan students. The statistical population of this study consisted of 254 undergraduate students at Herat University, Afghanistan, who were enrolled in the 2024-25 academic year. In this study, students were selected using convenience sampling and completed an online survey (Qualtrics). To calculate test-retest reliability, 40 individuals were also selected and completed the PTQ within two weeks. In this study, the PTQ and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale- 21 Items (DASS-21) were administered. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results showed that the three-factor model and the second-order three-factor model of PTQ had the same and a good fit ( χ 2 /df = 2.35, CFI = .94, RMSEA = .07). Furthermore, PTQ showed a moderate positive association with depression, anxiety, and stress ( r (254) = .66, .56, .60, p < .05), a strong test-retest reliability, ( r (40) = .73, p < .05), and excellent internal consistency ( α = .92). Given its strong psychometric properties, the Dari/Farsi version of the PTQ can be considered a reliable tool for both research purposes and clinical assessment. Its use is highly recommended for psychologists and mental health practitioners in diagnostic contexts as well as in investigative and applied studies.

Population ageing is associated with an increased risk of falls. Balance impairments and fear of falling further exacerbate this risk. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of FallProof exercise program on balance, fear of falling, and quality of life in older adults. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to November 6, 2025. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of FallProof in older adults and reporting outcomes on balance, fear of falling, or quality of life. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the ROB-2 tool. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled effect size. Statistical heterogeneity (I²), small-study effects, and certainty of evidence (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation, GRADE) were assessed. Analyses were performed using R version 4.1. Eleven RCTs (n = 338; mean age 69.3 ± 5.9 years; age range 60.0-81.7 years; 26.3% female) were included. FallProof produced large and statistically significant improvements in static balance (SB; ES = 1.82, 95% CI 1.12–2.51; I² = 27%; GRADE: high), quality of life (ES = 1.33, 95% CI 0.64–2.02; I² = 56%; GRADE: low), and a large reduction in fear of falling (ES = − 2.40, 95% CI − 5.20 to − 1.28; I² = 84%; GRADE: low). Improvements in dynamic balance were not statistically significant (ES = 1.01, 95% CI − 1.12 to 2.51; I² = 91%; GRADE: very low), and evidence of publication bias was detected. FallProof exercise programs are associated with large improvements in static balance, fear of falling, and quality of life in older adults. However, high certainty of evidence was observed only for static balance, while evidence for fear of falling, quality of life, and dynamic balance remains limited due to small sample sizes, heterogeneity, and risk of bias. Overall, the findings are promising but preliminary. Larger, multicenter RCTs with long-term follow-up are required before FallProof can be routinely integrated into fall-prevention strategies. Prospective registration on PROSPERO (CRD420251107632), on 1 August 2025.

In this paper, we consider the Schwarz boundary value problem for higher-order complex partial differential equations on a triangle. We first introduce the poly-Schwarz operator and the T-type operator for the triangle, and then investigate the boundary behavior of these operators. In addition, we discuss the solvability conditions and present an explicit solution to the Schwarz problem for the inhomoheneous polyanalytic equation on the triangle.