University of Halabja

This 2024comprehensive review examines the crucial functions of lipids in neurological health, highlighting their vital contributions to brain structure, function, and pathology. The intricate lipid composition of the brain, comprising phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, supports membrane integrity, synaptic transmission, and myelination. Lipid production, metabolism, and transport in the central nervous system are meticulously controlled, necessitating specialised interactions among neurones, glial cells, and the blood-brain barrier. Lipid homeostasis dysregulation is widely acknowledged as playing a critical role in the aetiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and neuropsychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and depression. These disruptions result in compromised synapse function, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal injury. The review emphasises bioactive lipids, particularly specialised pro-resolving mediators originating from polyunsaturated fatty acids, which regulate neuroinflammation and enhance neuroprotection. Progress in lipidomics has enabled the discovery of new lipid biomarkers and therapeutic targets, presenting intriguing opportunities for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. This paper highlights the significance of lipid biology in maintaining brain health and the therapeutic potential of targeting lipid pathways to mitigate the progression of neurological diseases, integrating contemporary lipidomic discoveries and mechanistic knowledge.

Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the body’s antioxidant defenses, resulting in molecular and cellular damage associated with many diseases. This review systematically examines oxidative stress biomarkers, their molecular foundations, detection techniques, and novel advances that enhance the clinical and research applications of redox biology evaluations, thereby advancing precision medicine in oxidative stress disorders. The biochemical foundation and clinical significance of critical markers are investigated, including malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, protein carbonyls, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, and antioxidant enzymes, as well as advancements in detection methodologies such as chromatography, mass spectrometry, immunoassays, electron spin resonance, and novel biosensor technologies. Moreover, omics-based multi-marker panels and integrated analytical methods provide improved sensitivity, specificity, and mechanistic understanding, facilitating the advancement of precision medicine applications. Challenges such as biomarker specificity, stability, and standardization are examined, with future outlooks emphasizing the potential of modern technologies to enhance oxidative stress evaluation for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy monitoring.

Abstract Sugar alcohols are increasingly used as sugar alternatives in various culinary and medicinal products due to their reduced caloric value, minimal impact on blood glucose levels, and ability to maintain taste quality. This review evaluates the metabolic pathways, physiological impacts, safety, and regulatory aspects of prevalent sugar alcohols, including erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, isomalt, and lactitol. Significant heterogeneity exists among these substances in terms of gastrointestinal (GI) absorption, fermentation, and caloric value, which affects their efficacy and side effect profiles. Research indicates that substituting sucrose with sugar alcohols may aid in weight management and glycaemic regulation, particularly in groups predisposed to metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, elevated consumption correlates with GI issues, and tolerance levels differ among groups, requiring individualised dietary recommendations. Regulatory bodies have established acceptable daily intakes to ensure safety. Subsequent studies should focus on the longitudinal effects, influences on the gut microbiota, and customised advice for vulnerable subpopulations.

This study aims to elaborate on how Alex Michaelides’s The Silent Patient critiques the therapeutic encounter by exposing how trauma shapes identity, behavior, and narrative authority. The paper presents a psychoanalytic study of the novel, focusing on the two main characters, Alicia Berenson and Theo Faber. The study analyzes the actions of Alicia as the patient after she becomes mute and Theo as the therapist after treating Alicia using Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalytic frameworks. Alicia's mutism is interpreted as a defense mechanism that conceals her deeply repressed traumatic experience, representing both repression and resistance. Moreover, her paintings and diaries, which serve as a medium of representation to convey her ideas and feelings during her silence, are interpreted as symbolic articulations of unprocessed psychological conflict. Simultaneously, Theo’s role as the therapist is interrogated in relation to transference, countertransference, and his own unresolved childhood trauma, which unconsciously drives his obsession with Alicia’s case. The narrative structure gradually reveals the mirroring between patient and therapist, blurring the boundaries between healer and sufferer.

ABSTRACT Corrosion poses significant environmental and economic challenges, necessitating the development of sustainable and effective inhibitors. This study aims to evaluate the anti‐corrosion efficiency of sixteen natural flavonoid and polyphenolic compounds as potential eco‐friendly inhibitors for iron. The compounds examined include dihydrocaffeic acid (1), rosmarinic acid (2), chlorogenic acid (3), apigenin 7‐methyl ether (4), luteolin (5), apigenin (6), luteolin 7‐methyl ether (7), luteolin 4‐methyl ether (8), luteolin 3‐methyl ether (9), luteolin 7,3'‐dimethyl ether (10), tricetin 3',4',5'‐trimethyl ether (11), luteolin 7,3',4'‐trimethyl ether (12), tricetin 4'‐methyl ether (13), tricetin 3,4'‐dimethyl ether (14), delphinidin 3‐ O ‐glucoside (15), and cyanidin 3‐glucoside (16). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) level were employed to analyze molecular reactivity and electronic properties, while Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate the adsorption behavior of the compounds on the Fe (110) surface. The computational results revealed efficient electron charge transfer between the natural compounds and the iron surface, indicating strong adsorption and inhibition potential. Compounds 1–6 exhibited the most favorable interactions, whereas compounds 15 and 16 showed the lowest adsorption energies due to the presence of methoxy and hydroxy substituents. Overall, compounds 2, 15, and 16 emerged as the most promising green inhibitors, highlighting the potential of naturally derived molecules in corrosion protection applications.

 This paper discusses the validity of the inference from the verse: (And thus we have made you a middle nation) (2: 143) to justify the concept of moderation. It discusses the validity of such understanding and the legitimacy of the concept. The researcher utilized both the inductive and the deductive method; in order to show the extent of the validity of the inference from the verse on the concept of moderation; and the extent of the validity of the inference. I adopted the method of collecting the different opinions of the commentators of Quran, both old and contemporary, and then stating the most likely correct opinion. The paper reached the following important results: the weakness of the evidence used by some to deduce from the verse the legitimacy of the moderation and the moderate approach; and that the realization of justice and goodness is what is meant by this verse. The paper demonstrates that what supports this is the linguistic usage of the word, as well as the explanation of the verse by the Messenger, peace be upon him, as well as the interpretation of the companions and many commentators. The paper utilized a principle in the exegesis of Quran is that the exegesis should be confined to the meaning contained in the Qur’an and Sunnah and what was transmitted from the Companions and mentioned by the commentators, and not go beyond that; so that Islam is not harmed by manipulating the Qur’anic terminology by interpreting the text in a way other than it is intended to give. Gathering large number of quotes to give validity to an opinion is not the right approach.