University of Kirkuk

Despite its quiet influence, how farm advisors are managed shapes who talks to whom - steering duties in ways that quietly align with farming progress. Behind each assignment lies a system nudging effectiveness, smoothing cooperation between offices while staying alert to what growers face daily. Instead of numbers, voices tell the story here - interviews uncovering patterns within Iraq's extension frameworks through careful observation and open-ended reflection. One way they reached their goals? Through a questionnaire. Mostly, folks involved were farm advisors - about seven out of ten - from Baghdad’s Extension and Cooperation team during fall 2025; ninety one took part. To check how well jobs matched office setups, researchers built a measuring tool. Two main parts made up that system. One section looked at how well the office setup works for staff, broken into 79 points across nine areas. With scores on relevance running from zero up to two hundred thirty-seven. Then came the segment about giving workers real influence in their roles - checking consistency meant polling others beyond the main group. Researchers applied the Feckernbach method, landing on figures of eighty-six percent and eighty-nine out of a hundred. Results suggested the farm training department’s management layout fits poorly with what most field officers need. The system struggles to grow stronger over time. People feel held back from using their full skills. Messages flow only downward. Tech tools hardly appear in daily tasks. A closer look showed almost no strong ties to similar farming organizations. Not much gets done without better support - motivation runs low, power stays centralized, and workplace conditions fail many. What stands out is how the system fails its people - rules get in the way more than they help. Too often, daily tasks hit roadblocks because leadership doesn’t match what fieldworkers actually need. Fixes came up after seeing these issues: changes aimed at smoothing operations and lifting barriers. When management works right, teamwork across units improves. Clarity grows around who does what. Choices become smarter when structure backs them instead of blocking progress.

   This research deals with an important aspect of the biography of the Abbasid Caliph Yusuf al-Mustanjid Billah, whose lineage goes back to the family of the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace. It also deals with some of his interests and cultural and intellectual activities. During his reign, the city of Baghdad became a destination for travelers and scholars who described the greatness of the Caliph al-Mustanjid Billah as one of the most important caliphs and kings who ruled the country. His access to power was considered the most difficult of all the Abbasid caliphs, as he was able to The success in reaching the throne after opposition and divisions within the palace and within the family itself, and those divisions almost destroyed the Abbasid state, but the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustanjid Billah, after taking over the reins of power, built his state with good relations at home and abroad, and calm and peaceful coexistence prevailed between Muslims and other religions, such as Jews and Christians, who had a role in the rise of the scientific movement, and among them were doctors, scientists and philosophers He brought them close and summoned them from different places, realizing the importance of the intellectual renaissance and its role in progress. In addition to that, he did not neglect the aspect of poetry because of its importance among the people. He brought poets close to his council and gave them generous gifts, so it was said that he was one of the most prominent Abbasid caliphs in writing poetry. The intellectual and scientific renaissance was not at the expense of the military aspect, but rather the caliph was able to He maintained the borders of his state abroad and made it stabl and secure internally. The kings and princes owed him obedience and loyalty. Thus, Caliph Al-Mustanjid Billah was able to make Baghdad a picture full of huge buildings and luxurious palaces that illustrate and reflect the prosperous economic situation in which the Caliphate was living, which would not have existed had there not been a state of political stability.

This study aims to provide a deeper and more realistic understanding by conducting a systematic comparison between the two approaches (Reynolds number and volumetric flowrate). The analysis emphasizes the impact of internal channel design, using inclined winglets and surface corrugation. An experimental investigation was carried out to prepare and characterize a TiO₂/H2O nanofluid at 1% volume concentration, including accurate measurements of its thermophysical properties and stability validation. A numerical model was also developed using ANSYS Fluent to simulate the hydrothermal behavior of two channel configurations (straight and corrugated), in which the effects of both Reynolds number and flowrate were evaluated across key parameters such as heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, performance evaluation criterion, and wall temperature distribution. By observing the flow patterns inside the corrugated channel, three distinct flow behaviors were identified: axial flow along the channel, transverse flow induced by winglets, and swirling flow within the corrugated grooves. This combination of flow modes enhanced fluid mixing and significantly improved heat transfer performance. The results show that TiO₂ nanofluid significantly enhances the thermal–hydraulic performance, with the relative friction factor (Γ) increasing from 6.9 to 7.6 and the thermal enhancement ratio (En) reaching 2.8 (PEC ≈ 1.5) when evaluated using Reynolds number, while volumetric flow rate assessment (7–9 L/min) yielded higher Γ (3.9–4.2) and En/PEC (2.5/1.6). The effects of the internal enhancement techniques were found to be more pronounced when using flowrate as the reference indicator. This work represents a valuable scientific contribution by integrating three advanced enhancement strategies (surface corrugation, inclined winglets, and nanofluid), and it highlights the need to reconsider traditional thermal system design methods based solely on Reynolds number.

Long COVID-19 (LC) is a condition that follows SARS-CoV- -2, an acute infection defined by persistent fatigue, dyspnea, and impaired cognitive function. LC presents a complex array that imposes ongoing challenges on global health, patients' quality of life, and functional capacity. Many inconsistencies surround its pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. This review aims to cover missed gaps in LC with a special focus on therapeutic strategies concerning non-pharmacological, pharmacological, experimental, and innovative approaches for better patient management and outcomes, as well as to evaluate their effectiveness and guide future research. An online search was conducted using five digital repositories: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. A combination of keywords associated with LC therapy was employed: "long COVID, "pharmacological options," "non-pharmacological options," "innovative strategies," "experimental", and" quality of life (QOL)." Relevant data were extracted and synthesized to categorize therapeutic approaches into subtypes. A critical analysis was conducted on their mechanism of action, indication, outcome, and limitations. The pooled prevalence of LC was 42%, and the symptom duration ranged from 3 months to 2 years. The most important risk factors for LC were female sex, unvaccinated status, and cases with co-morbidities. Diagnosis of LC was challenging due to a lack of diagnostic standardization and reliable biomarkers. Non-pharmacological strategies were employed first, showing diverse efficacies; however, the reported literature was hindered by small sampling. Pharmacological agents show promising results but need further validation. Experimental and innovative strategies need longer studies and validations. LC has imposed a significant burden on community health, necessitating the appropriate allocation of health resources and community support. Preventive and therapeutic interventions show promise, but the variability in patient response underscores the need for personalized approaches and more well-designed trials. Collaborative research and multi-disciplinary teams are needed to mitigate the long-term effects of LC and improve patient outcomes.

This study investigates the stress-strain behavior and mechanical performance of cementitious materials incorporating spent tea as a partial cement replacement. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the samples was evaluated at 7 and 28 days under varying water-to-binder (w/b) ratios (1.0, 1.2, and 1.4) and tea replacement levels. Results indicate that UCS increased with curing time, highlighting the continued hydration and densification of the cementitious matrix. At 7 days, specimens exhibited lower peak stresses, particularly at higher w/b ratios, due to increased porosity and delayed hydration. By 28 days, UCS improved across all replacement levels, though higher tea dosages (more than 6%) exhibited strength reductions due to the dilution of cementitious materials and organic interference with hydration. Optimal strength performance was observed at 3% tea replacement, suggesting potential nucleation or filler effects. The influence of w/b ratio was significant, with lower ratios (1.0) yielding superior strength due to reduced porosity and enhanced matrix densification. Conversely, higher w/b ratios (1.2 and 1.4) led to strength declines due to excessive water-induced pore formation. Overall, spent tea shows promise as a sustainable partial cement replacement, but optimal dosage and mix design are critical to maintaining structural integrity and mechanical performance.

Eco-friendly, renewable materials have been pushed in many applications to replace non-renewable resources in recent years. In the present work, a similar attempt was made to replace synthetic polymer-based food packaging films with films made out of waste-derived renewable materials. In this study, pectin (P) and sodium alginate (SA) polymers were blended with turmeric essential oil (O) to increase the functionality of the film. Turmeric essential oil was chosen over other plant based essential oils due to its potential antioxidant, antifungal and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Calcium ions were used to crosslink the films with glycerol as the plasticizer in order to increase their potential usefulness. The prepared films were characterised to ascertain their performance for practical applications. Tensile strength, tear resistance, percent elongation, water contact angle, thermal stability, degree of crystallinity and FTIR analysis were undertaken to evaluate the suitability of the prepared films for intended usage. The elongation at break for P/SA film was 79.96% and that of P/SA/O film was 91.08%. Also, the ultimate modulus of P/SA film was 1.58 MPa and that of P/SA/O film was 9.49 MPa. So, it was found that the P/SA/O films have higher modulus than that of neat blend films, which indicates that oil addition did not have any negative impact on the strength of the film. The biodegradation investigations on prepared films showed that films will break down under ambient conditions over a notable period of time, indicating that they would be a better option as an environmentally benign food packaging and edible coating material. The uniqueness is in the combination of sustainable polymers selected to produce the stable antimicrobial films with essential oil extracted from the matured leaves of the plant. Most of the studies focus on use of essential oil extracted from rhizome, but in the present study, the essential oil extracted from the waste source (matured leaf) is used. Henceforth it is a value addition to the waste.