University of Management and Technology

The systemic crisis in the multilateral trading system has caused by the paralysis of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body since 2019. This paper reviews the impact of the disintegration of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism on the United States-China trade conflict on the period between 2019 and 2025. The research is conducted using a doctrinal and qualitative research design to examine the WTO agreements, the jurisprudence of dispute settlement and significant disputes such as DS543: United States - Tariff Measures on Certain Goods from China. The results indicate that the lack of a working appellate system weakened adherence to WTO regulations, facilitated the appeal into the void, and promoted unilateral trade policies. The trade war between the US and China escalated due to tariffs, retaliation, and the incomplete effectiveness of the Phase One Agreement. The research concludes that the WTO dispute settlement system is necessary to be restored to maintain multilateral trade governance.

This study explores the use of ternary system nanocomposites to degrade methyl orange (MO) dye in water as well as assesses their antibacterial properties. For this purpose, the co-precipitation process was adopted to synthesize strontium oxide (SrO) doped with a fixed amount (3 wt%) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a capping agent, and various weight ratios (2 and 4 wt%) of cesium (Cs) were added to the binary system (PEG-SrO). Advanced characterization techniques were employed to analyze the various properties of the resulting materials. XRD unveiled the cubic crystal structure of SrO, while TEM revealed randomly oriented nanorods in the pristine sample. The optimum sample (2% Cs/PEG-SrO) demonstrated efficient catalytic activity (CA) in degrading MO dye. The 4% Cs/PEG-SrO sample showed significant bactericidal efficacy against Escherichia coli (E. coli), exhibiting inhibition zones ranging from 2.05 to 6.15 mm at higher concentrations. Furthermore, the computational findings align with the experimental data, offering strong evidence for the microbial effectiveness of Cs/PEG-SrO in hindering DNA gyrase in E. coli.