University of Nyala

ABSTRACT The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to public health, especially in the animal ecosystems, is alarming. This review focuses on how antimicrobial use in aquaculture and livestock contributes to the emergence and spread of AMR on the basis of a One Health (OH) approach. Aquaculture and livestock are essential for meeting the global food demand. However, the use of antimicrobials to manage diseases and promote growth has contributed to the menace of AMR in human and environmental health. We suggest that an integrated approach to AMR management could be achieved by applying OH, which recognizes the common existence and interconnectivity between human, animal, and environmental health. It highlights sustainable actions, international guidelines, and even cross‐sectoral collaboration. These are demonstrated through case studies of existing solutions from various regions, offering models that can be adapted globally. The review concludes with recommendations regarding the stewardship of antimicrobials, regulatory changes, and surveillance improvements to address the growing global threat that AMR poses.

The composition of the gut microbiome has been linked to clinical responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), but its prognostic association with outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma remains incompletely defined. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesise the evidence on the association between baseline gut microbial signatures and ICI outcomes in these malignancies. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus through April 2025 for studies correlating baseline gut microbiota with overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), or immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in patients with NSCLC or melanoma receiving ICIs. We pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) using random-effects models and assessed evidence quality with the GRADE framework. We included 26 studies comprising 1,542 patients. High gut microbial alpha diversity was significantly associated with improved OS (pooled HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.41–0.66) and PFS (pooled HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.47–0.71). The presence of *Akkermansia* was associated with a higher ORR (pooled OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.38–3.35). Conversely, recent antibiotic use was associated with worse OS (pooled HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.34–2.21). In patients receiving anti-CTLA-4 therapy, a high abundance of *Bacteroidetes* was associated with a lower risk of severe colitis (pooled OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.18–0.64). The overall certainty of evidence was rated as moderate for most outcomes. Baseline gut microbiome features, particularly high diversity and the presence of specific commensal taxa, are moderately associated with superior clinical outcomes to ICIs in NSCLC and melanoma. Our findings suggest that the gut microbiome could serve as a useful prognostic biomarker and may sooner or later be modulated to increase ICI efficacy.

Trypanosomosis is a major infectious disease affecting cattle in Sudan. In South Darfur, data on cattle trypanosomosis has been limited since the Darfur civil war (2003-2007). This study assessed the prevalence and distribution of Trypanosoma spp. in cattle in the tsetse fly endemic Al Radom National Park, and collected questionnaire data on trypanocide use and apparent efficacy. Blood from 509 cattle across four regions was analysed. Of these, 3.1%, 19.8% and 35.8% tested positive for trypanosomes by microscopy, buffy coat technique and PCR, respectively. At the regional level, prevalence was 50.0%, 42.9%, 27.3% and 22.9% in Al Radom Livestock Market, Kafindibei, Al Radom town and Murayrayah, respectively. Trypanosoma congolense savannah (15.7%), Trypanosoma vivax (9.6%), Trypanosoma brucei (0.8%) and Trypanosoma theileri (13.4%) were identified. Prevalence was significantly correlated with region and age (P < 0.05). Older cattle showed significantly higher prevalence (44.7%) than 1-3 years old (29.7%) and < 1 year old cattle (22.7%). Most cattle (86.8%) had received trypanocides within 30 days before sample collection, mainly diminazene aceturate, either alone or combined with isometamidium chloride and/or quinapyramine. Despite treatment, 30.7% were Trypanosoma-positive by PCR. In conclusion, trypanosomes are prevalent in Al Radom National Park, even in treated cattle, indicating apparent drug inefficacy, which requires further research and control measures.

ABSTRACT Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment, yet a substantial proportion of patients develop primary or acquired resistance. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this resistance is critical for improving therapeutic outcomes. This review comprehensively examines resistance mechanisms to cancer immunotherapy through a host–tumor interaction perspective, integrating tumor‐intrinsic factors, the immunosuppressive microenvironment, and systemic host characteristics. Main Findings Resistance arises from multiple interconnected mechanisms: (1) tumor‐intrinsic defects, including impaired antigen presentation, aberrant oncogenic signaling (MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and WNT/β‐catenin pathways), and metabolic reprogramming; (2) tumor‐extrinsic factors, including immunosuppressive immune cells (MDSCs, Tregs, and M2 macrophages), physical barriers, and metabolic competition; and (3) systemic host factors, including gut microbiome composition and HLA polymorphisms. These mechanisms collectively create a formidable barrier to effective antitumor immunity. Conclusions A comprehensive understanding of this multimodal crosstalk is essential for developing effective strategies to overcome resistance. Rational combination therapies targeting multiple nodes within the cancer‐immunity cycle, informed by patient‐specific resistance profiles, represent a promising approach to improve immunotherapy efficacy and expand the population of responders.

This study numerically analyzes the thermal-fluid performance of supercritical hydrogen in regenerative cooling channels with aspect ratios (AR) ranging from 1 to 8 for rocket engine combustion chambers. The study investigates the effects of channel geometry and inlet Reynolds number on heat transmission efficiency, flow behavior, and pressure drop. The SST k-ω turbulence model was validated and utilized in ANSYS FLUENT (2024 R1, (Ansys Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA) CFD simulations to examine temperature distributions, turbulent kinetic energy, and velocity profiles. The results show that convective heat transfer is improved with higher Reynolds numbers, while pressure drops are increased; the best range for balanced performance is found to be between 35,000 and 45,000. The aspect ratio significantly influences thermal performance; increasing it from 1 to 8 reduces peak wall temperatures by 12–15% but exacerbates thermal stratification and pressure losses. An intermediate aspect ratio (AR = 2–4) was found to optimize both heat transfer enhancement and hydraulic performance. The study provides critical insights for optimizing cooling channel designs in high-performance rocket engines, addressing the trade-offs between thermal efficiency and flow dynamics under extreme operating conditions.

• Evaluates the thermodynamic performance of a hydrogen-enriched regenerative gas turbine. • Analyzes emissions across varying equivalence ratios and compression ratios. • Optimal conditions: Best at ∅=0.5, rₚ=25, 30% hydrogen with acceptable temperatures. • Demonstrates significant efficiency improvements in regenerative cycles. • Emissions impact: CO emissions rise over 100x at ∅=0.6, needing control. Gas turbine power plants are essential to global energy production. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the effects of hydrogen enrichment and regenerative cycles on the performance and emissions of gas turbines. A comparison is made between the regenerative and simple cycles under varying equivalence ratios, pressure ratios, and hydrogen content levels. The analysis focuses on key parameters, including work output, fuel consumption, turbine inlet temperature (TIT), and emissions (CO, CO₂, NO, H₂O). The findings show that the regenerative cycle offers significant performance improvements, with work output increasing by 31.6% over the simple cycle. Hydrogen enrichment further boosts the regenerative cycle’s efficiency, reducing fuel consumption by up to 13.9% at 50% hydrogen. However, the regenerative cycle results in higher emissions, particularly CO and NO, with higher equivalence ratios intensifying this effect. Emissions can be reduced through optimization of the compression ratio, balancing efficiency gains with emission control. This study highlights the trade-offs involved in optimizing hydrogen-enriched regenerative gas turbines

Abstract Background The advent of cancer immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, has revolutionised the treatment landscape for many malignancies. However, a significant proportion of patients exhibit primary, adaptive, or acquired resistance to these therapies, limiting their broad clinical benefit. Tumour microenvironment (TME), a complex and dynamic ecosystem of cancer cells, immune cells, stromal cells and extracellular matrix, has emerged as a critical determinant of immunotherapy response and a major driver of resistance. Main body This review provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate mechanisms by which the TME fosters an immunosuppressive milieu, thereby impeding effective anti‐tumour immunity. We delineate the key cellular and molecular components of the TME that contribute to immunotherapy resistance, including tumour‐associated macrophages, myeloid‐derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells, and cancer‐associated fibroblasts. We then discuss the diverse and innovative strategies being developed to reprogram the TME and overcome these resistance mechanisms. These emerging approaches include targeting immunosuppressive cell populations, modulating tumour metabolism, epigenetic reprogramming, normalising the tumour vasculature and employing engineered cell therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells and oncolytic viruses. The potential of combination therapies to synergistically dismantle the immunosuppressive TME is also explored. Conclusion Reprogramming the TME represents a paradigm shift in cancer treatment, moving beyond direct tumour cell targeting to modulate the entire tumour ecosystem. While significant challenges remain, including TME heterogeneity and the need for predictive biomarkers, the strategies discussed herein hold immense promise for overcoming immunotherapy resistance and improving patient outcomes. A deeper understanding of the complex interplay between the tumour and its microenvironment will be crucial for the development of next‐generation, personalised immunotherapeutic strategies.

In this article, we present the concept of one sided x-projection, explore and investigate left and right x-projection elements, and introduce new characterizations of one sided x-idempotent elements in a +-ring. We also propose numerous equivalent conditions for left x-projections within a given ring. Next, several equivalent conditions about Hermitian, one sided x-projection, one sided x-idempotent, and strongly EP elements in a +-ring are given.

The inflammatory process in the atherosclerotic artery may lead to increased blood levels of inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study is to understand the role of inflammatory markers in the development of coronary artery disease. Therefore, a case-control study was conducted amongst coronary artery disease patients who attended the Sudan Heart Institute and healthy controls. Questionnaires were designed to determine the lifestyle and environmental factors for 200 participants (100 cases, 100 controls). Blood samples were collected to measure lipids profiles using enzymatic colorimetric and DNA extraction using the G-spin Kits. Polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used for IL-6 and IL-16 genotyping. A total of 64% patients were males, 41% were at 51-61 years, and physical activity was common in 60% of the patients. The risk factors for coronary artery disease were hypertension 62%, angina 62%, cigarette smoking 38%, diabetes 33%, tobacco user 31%, drinking alcohol 24% and stroke 2%. Most patients had a family history of stroke 93%, hypertension 36%, diabetes 34%, angina 9%, and heart attack 4%. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein were significantly different (P&gt;0.05) between cases and controls, and they were significantly associated with IL- 16 genotype. All risk factors for coronary artery diseases were strongly associated with IL-6 genotype (P-value &lt; 0.05, OR &gt;1). Whereas, IL-16 homozygous TT genotype was significantly associated with gender and physical activity. Lifestyle, family history, and IL-16 (TT) genotype are risk factors for coronary artery disease in Sudanese patients.

AimsThis study aims to examine cases identified with endometrial polyp and carcinoma originating from polyps in patients presenting with gynaecological problems, and to highlight the significance of risk factors contributing to malignancy.Materials and methodsThe study comprised 203 patients who visited our clinic between January 2019 and 2024 with various gynaecological problems and were identified with endometrial polyps after a clinical, radiographic, and laboratory assessment. We retrospectively analysed data from 191 benign endometrial polyps and hyperplasia without atypia and 12 patients with endometrial polyps and underlying endometrial hyperplasia with atypia and/or endometrial carcinoma, diagnosed histopathologically after hysteroscopic resection, retrieved from our hospital's electronic archive system.Two hundred three participants were tested in the study, with 191 classifieds with benign tumours and 12 diagnosed with malignant tumours and atypical endometrial hyperplasia (premalignant). Cases were chosen according on consistent criteria for age, BMI, gravida, parity, abortion, educational level, smoking habits, operation history, and co-morbidities. After determining the sample size for the malignant group, patients from the control group were selected to be included in the study. Initially, patients with similar age and BMI distributions were included into the study. Next, the cases were analysed for similarities in gravida, parity, and abortion parameters, and those that matched were chosen. Following this step, the educational status was compared for resemblance, and examples with matching educational status were chosen. Consequently, the study covered a total of 34 patients, with 12 identified with malignant tumours and atypical endometrial hyperplasia (premalignant) and 22 with benign tumours.Two groups of cases were diagnosed with endometrial polyp, and risk factors that may cause the development of endometrial polyp and underlying carcinoma: age, gravida, parity, abortion, education level, smoking, previous operation history, comorbidity, gynaecological complaints, fasting blood sugar, CRP values, haemoglobin, and haematocrit were evaluated in terms of endometrial polyp sizes, endometrial thickness level, and endometrial polyp localization. By examining the pathological risk factors of these cases, particularly during the premenopausal period, the goal is to predict endometrial cancer, the most prevalent gynaecological cancer in women, along with its antecedents, and implement preventive measures proactively.ResultsAge, BMI, gravida, parity, number of abortions, educational status, smoking status, operation history, co-morbidity, and complaint variables did not exhibit a statistically significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05). It was revealed that the FBG level, CRP level, Polyp length and Endometrial thickness level of the malignant group were statistically significantly higher than the benign group (p < 0.01) (p < 0.05). Upon analysing the FBG distribution among groups, it is noted that the ODDS ratio is 10.20 for FBG values of 122.5 and above (95% CI: 1.97 – 52.78). Upon analysing the CRP distribution by groups, it is noted that the ODDS ratio is 231 for CRP values of 9.7 and above (95% CI: 13.15 – 4058.67). Upon analysing the distribution of Polyp length based on groups, it was determined that the ODDS ratio is 13.5 for Polyp lengths of 2.25 and above (95% CI: 2.47 – 73.71). Upon analysing the distribution of EM thickness based on groups, it is shown that the ODDS ratio is 5.25 for EM thicknesses of 11 and above (95% CI: 1.09 – 25.21).ConclusionEndometrial polyps are common benign growths that are typically not seen as cancer precursors but may be linked to cancer in people with advanced age. It is vital to remember that in cases of endometrial polyps, variables such as increasing polyp length, endometrial thickness, fasting glucose level, and elevated CRP levels are significant risk factors for the development of cancer associated with polyps.