University of the Americas

Resumen: Este manuscrito examina la complejidad creciente de la ciberadiccin, un fenmeno cada vez ms normalizado socialmente pero aun insuficientemente investigado y regulado.La ciberadiccin comparte rasgos con otras formas de dependencia, al surgir de experiencias de placer inmediato que pueden transformarse en necesidad.Desde una perspectiva multidisciplinaria, el texto analiza factores histricos, familiares, neurobiolgicos y sociotcnicos que contribuyen a su desarrollo, destacando el papel del placer digital y de las arquitecturas tecnolgicas diseadas para captar y retener la atencin del usuario.Asimismo, se abordan los dilemas ticos asociados a su conceptualizacin, interrogando si la ciberadiccin constituye un trastorno autnomo o una manifestacin de transformaciones ms amplias en la relacin humana con la tecnologa.El manuscrito profundiza en tensiones vinculadas a autonoma, vulnerabilidad, responsabilidad corporativa y privacidad, proponiendo un enfoque que reconoce la complejidad moral del ecosistema digital contemporneo.En conjunto, el trabajo articula aportes de la neurociencia, la psicologa, la biotica y los estudios sociotcnicos para ofrecer una comprensin integrada del fenmeno.Se plantea la necesidad de equilibrar los beneficios del uso intensivo de tecnologas con los riesgos asociados, promoviendo prcticas que favorezcan un uso saludable, crtico y ticamente responsable.En sntesis, se sita la ciberadiccin como un desafo emergente de la era digital.

Chile se ha convertido en el país con mayor proporción de población migrante en América Latina, lo que plantea desafíos significativos al proceso de inclusión de estudiantes migrantes, en especial al rol de los líderes educativos, quienes a nivel de las escuelas deben gestionar su inclusión. Objetivo: este estudio se propuso explorar y analizar los procesos de apropiación e implementación de las políticas ministeriales sobre migración y escuela por parte de los directores/as escolares en escuelas con alta matrícula migrante. Metodología: se utilizó una metodología cualitativa de tipo descriptivo, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a cinco directivos y un taller con 14 líderes escolares de las regiones Metropolitana y de Valparaíso. Resultados: el análisis reveló cuatro hallazgos principales: conocimiento limitado y uso instrumental de las políticas; escasa difusión y acompañamiento ministerial; desplazamiento del liderazgo pedagógico hacia lo administrativo; e implementación parcial, con resistencias culturales y apropiación docente débil. Conclusiones: los resultados muestran que la implementación de políticas inclusivas depende de factores institucionales y subjetivos, lo que genera una gestión voluntarista y tensiona el rol directivo. Se plantea que el liderazgo debe ser una práctica crítica y transformadora, y se proponen orientaciones para el sistema escolar.

The rapid digital transformation of education systems has profoundly changed teachers' working conditions, intensified administrative demands, and highlighted territorial and organizational inequalities. In this context, understanding how these dynamics influence teacher engagement is essential for promoting healthy educational organizations. This study examined the factor structure of the UWES-17 and analyzed the relationship between engagement levels and sociodemographic variables in a sample of 314 elementary school teachers from four regions of Chile. Descriptive analyses, exploratory factor analysis with polychoric correlations and unweighted least squares, and confirmatory factor analysis using robust ULS and the Hull method were performed. The results showed a robust two-factor structure-Inspired Vitality and Challenging Commitment-with excellent fit indices. Freeman-Halton exact tests showed that Inspired Vitality was significantly associated with age, gender, region, location, administrative dependency, and professional experience, while Challenging Commitment was associated with gender, region, context, and professional experience. These findings indicate that teacher engagement is influenced by both structural inequalities and individual trajectories. The results underscore the need to strengthen organizational resources, regulate digital intensification, and reduce territorial gaps to promote teacher well-being.

La pel·lícula ‘Sorda’ ha posat rostre a una experiència que les investigacions porten anys documentant en silenci: les dones sordes enfronten barreres estructurals durant l'embaràs, el part i el puerperi.

Handgrip strength (HGS) has been considered as an indicator of muscle strength and overall physical fitness, with increasing relevance in sports science for talent identification and performance monitoring. However, no bibliometric study has been conducted to map the HGS research landscape in athletic contexts. A bibliometric analysis was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection database, retrieving 229 publications. Typical bibliometric laws (i.e., Price's, Bradford's, Lotka's, and Zipf's) were employed to analyze publication trends, core journals, influential authors, country contributions, and keyword co-occurrences. Annual publications increased exponentially, especially after 2019, reaching 37 documents in 2024. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research and Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness were the most prominent journals. The United States and Spain led in productivity and impact. Key research themes included strength, performance, body composition, and physical fitness, with HGS demonstrating significant associations with sport tasks such as throwing, racquet sports, and weightlifting. HGS constitutes an accessible and valuable tool for assessing and predicting athletic performance, especially in sports requiring upper body strength and coordination. Future research should aim to expand database inclusion and address identified gaps, such as the relationship between HGS training and sport-specific outcomes.

Objectives: SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in critically ill patients is characterized by a high mortality rate. Numerous risk factors have been identified for this condition. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors for mortality in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia receiving invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: This was an observational and retrospective study of patients who were in the intensive care unit of a third-level hospital between March 2020 and September 2021. Adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and who were in the unit for more than 48 hours were included. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and mechanical ventilation data were collected. All patients received protocolized treatments. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed, with a p value of < 0.05, and the R statistical tool was used. Results: Of 1024 patients, 203 were analyzed. In the univariate analysis, the age, weight, hypertension status, Simplified Acute Physiology Score III, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and acute respiratory distress syndrome status significantly differed between the living and deceased patients groups. In the multivariate analysis, the Charlson Comorbidity Index score (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.12-1.68, p=0.002), acute respiratory distress syndrome (OR 4.16, 95% CI 1.24-16.04, p=0.02), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (OR 1.040, 95% CI 1.00-1.07, p= 0.02) remained statistically significant. The mortality rate in the unit was 58.1%. Conclusions: The Charlson Comorbidity Index score, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and acute respiratory distress syndrome status were associated with increased mortality.

Acute pain secondary to lower extremity trauma represents one of the most common reasons for emergency department visits and poses a clinical challenge due to its intensity, complex pathophysiology, and need for timely analgesic control. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have traditionally been used as first-line therapy because of their anti-inflammatory efficacy and favorable short-term safety profile; however, multimodal analgesia incorporating regional nerve blocks has recently gained prominence as a superior opioid-sparing strategy. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, including studies published between 2015 and 2026 retrieved from PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. From 500 identified records, 20 studies involving adult patients with acute lower extremity trauma and validated pain scale assessments were included. Findings indicate that NSAID monotherapy is effective in mild to moderate pain, achieving clinically meaningful reductions in pain intensity, but demonstrates limited efficacy in severe pain or unstable fractures. In contrast, regional nerve blocks—such as femoral, fascia iliaca, and PENG blocks—provided faster and greater pain reduction and significantly decreased opioid rescue requirements within the first 24 hours. The evidence supports an individualized and stepwise analgesic model based on trauma severity and pain intensity to optimize outcomes while minimizing opioid exposure.

Density, viscosity, and speed of sound were measured for dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) + tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) mixtures at atmospheric pressure (0.10 MPa) over the full composition range and temperatures from 298.15 to 323.15 K. The mixtures exhibit pronounced structure-breaking behavior, with excess molar volumes reaching positive maxima of 1.05–1.07 cm3·mol–1 near a TBP mole fraction of ≈0.45. Viscosity deviations show positive peaks between 0.9 and 1.7 mPa·s, while isentropic compressibility deviations remain positive across all temperatures. Negative speed of sound deviations, reaching −300 m·s–1, further indicate weakened intermolecular networks compared to the pure components. FTIR spectra reveal composition-dependent shifts of 5–12 cm–1 in the S═O and P═O stretching bands, consistent with weak hydrogen bonding and dipole–dipole interactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations support formation of a stabilized TBP–DMSO adduct, showing short intermolecular contacts, charge redistribution, and reduced HOMO–LUMO gaps, consistent with enhanced polarity upon mixing. Experimental data were correlated using the Jouyban–Acree model, while the PC-SAFT equation of state reproduced liquid densities with an overall average relative deviation (ARD) of 0.08%. In addition, new interaction parameters for the (CH2)3PO–DMSO pair were computed and applied in group-contribution-based predictive models (UNIFAC-VISCO and UNIFAC-THERMO), yielding viscosity prediction ARDs of 2.7% and 2.4%, respectively.

Emerging avian avulaviruses (AVVs) have been identified in Antarctic ecosystems; however, their biological properties and current circulation remain poorly understood. This study utilized historical egg-isolated Antarctic penguin avulavirus strains (AVV17, AVV18, and AVV19) and combined molecular characterization with field surveillance during the 2024-2025 Antarctic season. The historical isolates were molecularly confirmed using RT-qPCR targeting the L gene, confirming their classification as AVV17, AVV18, or AVV19. These isolates were tested for replication indicators in REM 134, MDCK cells and embryonated chicken eggs. Only AVV18 showed evidence of productive replication in REM 134 cells, as indicated by decreasing Ct values and the presence of cytopathic effects.AVV17 and AVV19 were detectable by RT-qPCR but did not exhibit cytopathic changes or replication dynamics. None of the viruses replicated efficiently in MDCK cells. Further propagation of AVV18 in embryonated chicken eggs showed viral amplification in some eggs. Concurrent surveillance at five sites in the South Shetland Islands detected low-level circulation of AVV17-19, exclusively in cloacal swabs, with no viral RNA found in environmental samples. These findings link historical isolates to current circulation, highlighting selective replication among Antarctic AVVs and limited ecological spread in penguin hosts.