Ural State Academy of Veterinary Medicine

It has been shown that nitrite is normally present in most tissues at a concentration not exceeding 50 nM. But the tissues contain NO donor compounds in concentration dozens of micromoles. Consequently, there are mechanisms in the tissues that prevent the oxidation of NO to nitrite. The NO donor compounds do not spontaneously dissociate with the release of NO. The transformation of NO included in the composition of donor compounds to nitrite and non-thiolate nitroso compounds (NO2- + RNO) occurs under the action of active oxygen species (ROS) and, above all, superoxide that is produced by activated phagocytes. Thus, the content of NO2- + RNO is a very sensitive indicator of phagocyte activation, a process that accompanies any inflammation. In this paper, the possibility of using the NO2- + RNO content as indicator for the early diagnosis of inflammatory diseases is considered. It has been shown that this indicator has greater sensitivity and specificity than all known clinical and biochemical indicators. This makes it especially valuable for monitoring the state of patients in the hospital, monitoring the farm animals. The factor limiting the use of the NO2- + RNO indicator in diagnostics is the permeability of tissue barriers to these compounds. This is especially important for monitoring the condition of the fetus, as well as the state of the central nervous system.

This study presents an anatomical and topographic justification for performing mandibular anesthesia in sheep. The study was conducted on the basis of the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Professor A. F. Klimov of the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MBA named after K. I. Scriabin. The object of the study was sheep of the Romanov breed (n=20) aged 1-2 years without pronounced signs of pathology of the dental apparatus. The material for the study was the lower jaws (n=20) and survey radiographs of the head area (n=20). To achieve this goal, a comprehensive methodological approach was used, including: anatomical dissection and macromorphometry with the determination of skeletotopic and linear parameters of the mandible. Mandibular anesthesia is one of the most common manipulations in animal dentistry. For high-quality anesthesia of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, it is important to take into account the topical landmarks of the structures forming the mandibular canal. Based on the results of macromorphometry and rengenogrammetry, skeletotopic landmarks of the holes forming the mandibular canal are presented, which are important to take into account when performing anesthesia of the lower alveolar nerve. Comparative analysis of morphometric and rengenogrammetric parameters of the upper and lower jaws did not reveal significant differences in their linear parameters, which indicates the high informative value of the X-ray diagnostic method in assessing the morphofunctional state of the jaw bones and the channels located on them. The results obtained can be used in the development of new approaches to the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve during local anesthesia in veterinary and experimental dentistry.

In the review article, from the modern standpoint, oxidative stress is considered as a universal pathophysiological mechanism of the vast majority of diseases in animals. A brief review of the publication activity in the world on this topic; the significance of reactive oxygen species in the physiology and development of intracellular oxidative stress, the role of etiological factors that initiate their hyperproduction are presented, as well the methods of detecting oxidative stress are characterizited. General concepts of the antioxidant system of the animal body are examined, and the pathophysiological targets of oxidative stress in animals are generalized.

The article presents the results of the study of the efficacy of the drug «Hepatojekt»® containing L-ornithine, L-citrulin, L-arginine and auxiliary substances in the treatment of hepatitis initiated by Babesia canis in dogs. The experiment confirmed that the imidocarb-based drug («Piro-stop»®) has antiprotozoal action against the simplest genus Babesia. It has been established that the inclusion of the «Hepatojekt»® drug in the treatment regimen for dogs with hepatitis due to babesiosis, in comparison with basic therapy, contributes to a reliable correction of their carbohydrate and chromoprotein metabolism.

Under the conditions of the pig-breeding complex, the effectiveness of the use of immunotropic drugs PigStim-C and PigStim-M to newborn piglets with the aim of realizing the bioresource productivity potential was evaluated. Against the background of the body’s immunocorrection of piglets, a decrease in the number of diseases was noted by 1.5–2.9 times, a reduction in recovery time by 11.4–23.5%, an increase in livestock safety to 98.0–100.0%. Immunotropic drugs PigStim-C and PigStim-M activate hematopoiesis, causing a positive dynamics of the hematological and biochemical profiles of the body of pigs during ontogenesis. It was found that animals of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups exceeded their peers in the control by live weight by 7.1 kg or 6.9% and by 8.6 kg or 8.2%, the average daily gain by 34 and 41 g. The slaughter mass of pigs on the background of immunocorrection was higher than the control by 6.22 and 7.08 kg. According to the results of chiselling and trimming of half carcasses of pigs in experimental groups, an increase in the number of trimmed pork by 1.88 and 2.16 kg in the 1st and 2nd experimental groups as compared with the control was established.

Although there have been no significant changes or breakthroughs in the production of vaccines for dogs and cats in recent years, the international guidelines for their vaccination, including the WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines, are updated with an average frequency of every five years. We believe this is primarily due to the fact that the world veterinary community has not yet developed a common view on this problem. Looking forward to the next update of the WSAVA Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats in 2020, we decided to appeal to the members of the Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) in the open press to share with them our doubts about the certain items of the latest version of the 2015 Guidelines, as well as ask them some questions in the hope that the next update will cover all of them.

Individual growth and development is a gradual vector process. Each period of ontogenesis is characterized by certain morphological and functional changes in organs, systems and the organism as a whole. Organic and functional transformations are genetically based and realized in the course of adaptation to the external environment factors. The transformations occur at different levels of which the intracellular level is the basic one. As far as biosynthetic processes and circulation of metabolites are separated, an occurrence of some elements for their regulation seems to be possible. For instance, structural cell components probably can be most effective regulators due to ability to contribute to morphological and functional integrity in cell. These structural elements are both the product and a regulator of metabolism directly reflecting state of all intracellular events. Membranecell response is a key element of molecular regulation. Phospholipids, the main components of cell membrane, are extremely sensitive to external and internal factors, being at the same time relatively stable due to genotype effect and adaptation ability. Participation and the role of subclasses of phospholipids in the functions of broiler chicks are little known. In this regard we have carried out the study of phospholipids profile of ISA-15 Hubbard F15 chicks during ontogenesis, particularly in eggs before and on day 10 of incubation, and in blood serum of chicks at postnatal period on days 1, 7, 23 and 42. The experimental chicks were kept at a poultry farm in Chelyabinsk Province. To establish the functional groups of subclasses of phospholipids in the ontogeny of broilers we used the multivariate cluster analysis. It was shown that in egg before incubation the phospholipids were grouped into two separate clusters (phosphatidylcholines and cerebrosides, Euclidean distance 1.08; and phosphatidylethanolamines, Euclidean distance 1.61) and one joint cluster (phosphatidylinositols with sphingomyelin and lysolecithin with cardiolipin, the Euclidean distance of 0.23). On the day 10 of incubation there were two joint clusters (lecithins with cephalins, the Euclidean distance of 1.61; phosphatidylinositols, sphingomyelins, cerebrosides and lysolecithin, Euclidean distance of 2.06) and also a transitional group (cardiolipins). During postnatal ontogenesis in 1-day old chickens three groups of phospholipids were found (lecithins, the Euclidean distance of 2.07; phosphatidylethanolamine with the cardiolipin, the Euclidean distance of 0.26; lysolecithin), while in 7-day old chicks there were two combined clusters (phosphatidylcholines, the Euclidean distance of 2.03; a complex of cephalins with phosphatidylinositol, the sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine) together with an intermediate cluster (cardiolipin). In 23-day old broilers three clusters of phospholipids were found (lecithins; phosphatidylethanolamines with the phosphatidylinositol; cardiolipin together with the lysolecithin and sphingomyelin). In 42 day aged broiler chickens the presence of two functional groups of phospholipids were revealed, namely a combined one (cephalins with the cardiolipin, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin and lysolecithin) and monocomponent one (phosphatidylcholine). Thus it allows characterizing phospholipids as agents possessing structural and functional organization, which presumably can mediate regulation of homeostasis in early ontogeny of broiler chickens at cellular level, and as a result, at the body level.