V-Projekt (Czechia)

This paper highlights the significance of the different materials for the various forms of the representation of Roman emperors on coins. Using the example of gold coinage, it becomes clear that this lustrous and valuable metal played a special role in accentuating the ruler image in accord with the ideas and values of this period. In addition, during the crisis of the third century, a new exalted ruler image was articulated by adopting forms of representation with divine and heroic connotations, especially on gold denominations. During this period of negotiation about the aims and scope of rulership, the stylisation of ruler images on precious metal coins possibly took on modes of representation from other pictorial media that on coins were reserved for gods. In this way, the design principles and forms of representation common for the medium of Roman imperial coinage were expanded in the time of multiple critical threats to the empire.

The distribution of Bolbelasmusunicornis (Schrank, 1789) is critically reviewed throughout its range with emphasis on the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The species has been reliably recorded from 377 localities in 19 countries. New records are given from 152 localities of Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Turkey, and Ukraine. For Germany, the species is recorded for the first time in 54 years. The occurrence of the species in Switzerland is confirmed by two historical specimens from Zürich. The only known historical specimen labelled "Kaukasus" is given, which could originate from Russia, where this species has not been recorded before (however, confusion of the locality label cannot be ruled out). All published faunistic data from across the range are presented here in full, in several cases supplemented by details subsequently obtained by the author. Distribution maps are compiled separately for the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and for the entire range. A separate map is also available for Hungary, where approximately one-third of the known localities are located. Statistical data concerning the flight activity of adults, seasonal dynamics for part of the distribution area, details of records and notes on the bionomy and ethology of the species are provided. Possible feeding strategies for adults and larvae of B.unicornis are discussed, as well as current knowledge of the natural history of various representatives of the subfamily Bolboceratinae. A monitoring method for the species is proposed.