Vaasa University of Applied Sciences

High-consequence domains such as medical triage for critical casualties often involve decisions for which there is no single right answer, and for which expert decision makers will disagree. These decisions thus represent a particular challenge for trustworthy and ethical AI in these domains, as simply training AI to make “the right decision” is not possible. In the current research, we offer a framework for aligning AI systems to the key, domain-specific attributes of decision-makers in order to produce trust in human experts. In Study 1, we investigate six possible attributes and find that the degree of alignment predicts rated trust ratings and delegation using short vignettes for assessment and delegation. In Study 2, we extend these results to demonstrate that alignment predicts trust in decisions from two different AI systems across two distinct attributes. The results thus offer a dimensionality-reducing approach to AI trustworthiness in high-consequence domains.

Mục tiêu: Khảo sát độc tính cấp và độc tính bán trường diễn đường uống của cao chiết ethanol 70% từ cành lá cây Mạn kinh trên chuột nhắt trắng (Swiss albino). Phương pháp: Độc tính cấp đường uống của cao chiết được đánh giá ở liều cao nhất có thể qua kim chuyên dụng cho chuột uống. Độc tính bán trường diễn của cao chiết được đánh giá ở liều 1 và 2 g/kg sau 30 và 60 ngày cho chuột uống. Kết quả: Chuột không có biểu hiện bất thường sau khi được cho uống cao chiết ở liều cao nhất qua kim chuyên dụng là 30.84 g/kg (Dmax) nên giá trị LD50 của cao chiết không được xác định. Chuột uống cao chiết ở hai liều khảo sát liên tục trong 60 ngày không có sự thay đổi đáng kể các chỉ số huyết học, chỉ số chức năng gan (AST, ALT), chức năng thận (ure, creatinin), triglycerid và protein trong huyết tương cũng như cấu trúc mô học gan, tim và thận so với lô chứng. Kết luận: Cao chiết ethanol 70% từ cành lá cây Mạn kinh không gây độc tính cấp trên chuột nhắt trắng với liều Dmax là 30.84 g/kg và không làm ảnh hưởng đến chức năng tạo máu, chức năng gan, tim và thận của chuột nhắt trắng sau 60 ngày thử nghiệm.

• Online discussions reveal contrasting views in the society concerning climate change. • Climate change is implicitly present in discussions of everyday practices, such as saving energy. • There are platform-based differences regarding emotional discourse on climate change. • Discourses of guilt and innocence are constructed differently on different platforms. • Combining discourse analysis with semiotic square reveals nuanced representations of emotions. This paper explores the discourses of guilt and innocence represented in Finnish online communication in different platforms. Guilt and innocence represent emotional reactions, which are discursively constructed and connected to values and social norms. We pose two research questions to our study: how are the nuances of guilt and innocence presented in online discussions, and how are self- and other-centered discourses constructed in different platforms. The data of the study consists of online discussions concerning people’s mundane housing in relation to climate change appearing in the comments on blogs and in the discussion threads on an anonymous online discussion forum. By combining Greimas’ semiotic square with discourse analysis, we show how the categories of guilt and innocence as well as not guilty and not innocent highlight the nuanced ways in which polarizing perspectives to self- and other-centered discourses appear on different platforms. Our research contributes to the discussion on environmental communication by revealing more than just two opposing poles; our analysis shows the fine-tuned differences intertwined with gendered discourses constructed in discussions on different platforms. While feeling guilty or not innocent in the blogs is mostly connected with the participant’s own actions of not doing enough, assigning guilt to someone else seems to be common on the anonymous discussion forum. Still, the analysis indicates that while community norms and expectations shape the discourses they do not determine how the discourses turn out.

Understanding successful pathways for manufacturers to capture value within the service ecosystem framework is a recent and still nascent area of research that requires further investigation and growth. Within industrial settings, artificial intelligence (AI) constitutes an enabling technology that can be integrated across a network of products and systems, driving the transformation of these service ecosystems. From this perspective, this study proposes that the symbiotic convergence between AI-enabled smart manufacturing, which facilitates process and product enhancements, and servitization, which enables product availability and customization, contributes to a higher level of ecosystem value capture. To address this issue, a research model employing Smart Partial Least Squares was developed to examine the interplay between these constructs. By using survey data from a purposively selected sample of servitized manufacturing firms, the findings reveal the synergistic effects of integrating AI-enabled smart manufacturing and servitization. Furthermore, the results indicate variances across industrial sectors, and highlight that in digitally-intensive industries, service business models have undergone more substantial transformations, fostering accelerated ecosystem development streamlined by customization. Conversely, in digitally-augmented industries, where inputs are digital but products are predominantly analog, digital capabilities are primarily confined to production processes.

The cellular distribution of mitochondria in response to stress and local energy needs is governed by the relative activities of kinesin and dynein. The mechanism for switching between these two opposite polarity microtubule motors remains unknown. Here, we coupled a novel cellular synthetic cargo transport assay with AlphaFold2-guided mutagenesis to identify a regulatory helix in the mitochondrial adaptor protein (TRAK) that mediates switching between kinesin- and dynein-driven transport. Differences in the helix sequence explain why two near-identical TRAK isoforms transport mitochondria in predominantly opposite directions. Phosphorylation of the regulatory helix by stress-activated kinases causes the activation of dynein and dissociation of kinesin. Our results reveal a molecular mechanism for coordinating the directional transport of mitochondria in response to intracellular signals.

Residential wood combustion (RWC) is a significant source of gaseous and particulate emissions causing adverse health and environmental effects. Several factors affect emissions, but the effects of the fuel wood species on emissions are currently not well understood. In this study, the Nordic wood species (named BirchA, BirchB, Spruce, SpruceDry, Pine and Alder) were combusted in a modern stove, and the emissions were studied. The lowest emissions were obtained from the combustion of BirchA and the highest from Spruce and Alder. The fine particle mass (PM2.5) was mainly composed of elemental carbon (50–70% of PM2.5), which is typical in modern appliances. The lowest PAH concentrations were measured from BirchA (total PAH 107 µg/m3) and Pine (250 µg/m3). In the ignition batch, the PAH concentration was about 4-fold (416 µg/m3). The PAHs did not correlate with other organic compounds, and thus, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or organic carbon (OC) concentrations cannot be used as an indicator of PAH emissions. Two birch species from different origins with a similar chemical composition but different density produced partially different emission profiles. This study indicates that emission differences may be due more to the physical properties of the wood and the combustion conditions than to the wood species themselves.

The article reveals the international framework of political and legal liability of states for committing acts of genocide, ecocide, and using weapons of mass destruction. It is emphasized that these areas form a separate legal responsibility institution within international law. The author emphasizes the lack of unity between theoretical and practical aspects of legal regulation of using weapons of mass destruction, as well as the role that liability plays in the progressive development of law. The paper also highlights topical issues related to the paradigm shifts in modern international law due to the cases of genocide, ecocide, and WMD. The study aims to analyze international legal norms and practices of holding states accountable for the crimes of genocide, ecocide, and use of weapons of mass destruction. The following methods were employed in the course of this research: systemic, comparative legal, historical and legal, structural and functional, and generalization. The article emphasizes that most international crimes are committed with the support or under the control of collective entities, especially states. Nevertheless, international law has tended to impose responsibility for such crimes not only on certain people but also on states. The predominant response of the international community to international crimes was to impose responsibility on specific persons to the extent that it has been directed through international responsibility law. In this regard, it has been symbolized by prosecuting particular criminals through international criminal courts and tribunals.

<p>The role of research and higher education in promoting sustainable development is crucial for any country. Sustainable development policies emphasize the importance of education in creating awareness about environmental protection among students, researchers, teachers, and local communities. This paper provides an overview of the significance of research and higher education in sustainable development and the current status of the higher education system in the country. Additionally, the paper outlines the various national and state funding agencies that support research and development programs in the country. Overall, the paper highlights the importance of investing in sustainable development based research and education to ensure the long-term prosperity and well-being of a nation</p>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">With low-temperature combustion engine research reaching an applicable level, physics-based control-oriented models regain attention. For reactivity controlled combustion concepts, chemical kinetics-based multizone models have been proven to reproduce the governing physics for performance-oriented simulations. They offer accuracy levels similar to high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models but with a fraction of their computational effort. Nevertheless, state-of-the-art reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) simulations with multizone model toolchains still face challenges related to predictivity and calculation speed. This study introduces a new multizone modelling framework that addresses these challenges. It includes a C++ code, deeply integrated with open-source, thermo-kinetic libraries, and coupled to an industry standard 1-D modelling framework. Incorporating a predictive turbulence mixing model, it aims to eliminate dependence on CFD-based initialisation, while applying a novel zonal configuration to achieve sensitivity to the combustion chamber´s geometrical features. Basic sensitivity simulations performed for zonal resolution and chemical kinetic mechanisms prove the approach is fit for purpose. Aiming for optimal trade-off between accuracy and simulation speed, the 12-zone model has a simulation time below three minutes per closed cycle. These achievements are validated against a medium-speed, large-bore, single-cylinder research engine, running in a dual-fuel mode with natural gas and light fuel oil. Using basic submodels, the framework reproduces measured in-cylinder pressure trace within an RMS error of 0.85 bar, and combustion performance indicators within a 5% error margin target. Ultimately, this is the first time the multi-zone kinetic framework has been proven suitable to reproduce RCCI combustion on a state-of-the-art marine engine geometry.</div></div>