Victoria University of Bangladesh

Artificial intelligence governance in Latin America is emerging through new legislative proposals that increasingly draw on the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act. This article asks how Latin American countries are designing artificial intelligence oversight and enforcement mechanisms, and whether they are replicating the European institutional model for supervisory authorities. Existing scholarship has examined the circulation of European regulatory models in data protection law, but it has not yet adequately addressed how that influence operates in the early institutional design of artificial intelligence governance in Latin America. The article develops a comparative legal analysis of the Ibero-American context, with particular focus on Brazil and Chile, in order to assess how European regulatory templates are received, adapted, and operationalized. It argues that Latin American artificial intelligence regulation is likely to follow a pattern already observed in second-generation data protection reforms: the adoption of broad statutory frameworks inspired by European law, but reshaped by local institutional capacities, budgetary constraints, and regional political economy. The analysis shows that the central dilemma concerns whether to extend the mandate of existing data protection authorities to artificial intelligence or to establish specialized supervisory agencies. Brazil and Chile illustrate two especially significant pathways, given Brazil’s regional influence within BRICS and MERCOSUR and Chile’s role as an open economy deeply integrated into transnational digital governance networks. The article contributes to comparative scholarship on artificial intelligence regulation by showing how supervisory design becomes a crucial site of legal translation between European regulatory influence and Latin American institutional realities.

ABSTRACT Background People with learning disabilities often rely on support workers in order to take part in arts activities. Yet people with learning disabilities' arts participation remains low, and we know little about how support workers facilitate this. This study, therefore, examines support workers' perspectives on arts participation in the context of their practice. Methods Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with six support workers from a Belgian day centre and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Findings Support workers primarily view arts participation in terms of creative and cultural activities for people with learning disabilities. They distinguish these activities from what they refer to as ‘real’ art, which they associate with arts institutions (such as art museums or theatre venues). Such institutional or ‘high’ arts are largely absent from their practice, a gap they attribute to a perceived lack of interest or ability from people they support, as well as to structural accessibility barriers. Conclusions The study highlights that support workers' concept of ‘real’ art aligns with a view of art that is, at its core, inaccessible. Transforming arts institutions to better accommodate people with learning disabilities and their support workers can expand the forms of arts participation currently available to them, particularly in the realm of high arts. Integrating art education into the training of support workers can further enhance this access.

Abstract Multimodal image fusion aims to integrate complementary information from multiple imaging modalities into a single, informative representation, which is crucial for applications in medical imaging and microscopy. Existing methods often face trade-offs between structural fidelity, edge preservation, and computational efficiency. In this work, we propose Light-FusionNet, a lightweight dual-stream network designed to efficiently fuse multimodal images while retaining key structural, textural, and intensity features. The network leverages depthwise separable convolutions to reduce model complexity and incorporates a Predictive Context Attention (PCA) mechanism to selectively emphasize informative regions in the feature maps. Extensive experiments on benchmark medical imaging datasets, including PET-MRI, SPECT-MRI, and CT-MRI, demonstrate that our approach achieves comparable qualitative and quantitative performance compared to state-of-the-art fusion methods, while maintaining low computational cost. The proposed method provides an effective and efficient solution for multimodal image fusion, suitable for both clinical and research applications.

Abstract Humans can evaluate the emotional meaning of complex social scenes in real-life settings. Recent evidence from the human brain and AI models pointed to visual processing as a core substrate for representing emotional valence of natural images, but this conclusion may not generalize to complex social scenes. We implemented experiments with social scenes in which emotional valence is partially dissociated from visual characteristics, objects, and scene settings. Human behavior, neuroimaging, and visual AI models confirm that visual processing captures basic emotional associations of objects and scene elements. However, when the valence of social scenes is incongruent with these basic properties, higher levels of processing are needed in the human association cortex and AI models. Our results show how and when valence processing demands advanced cognitive, neural, and computational processes that extend beyond the encoding of visual features.

Introduction: Young adults with diabetes face many challenges during emerging adulthood. Our study aimed to identify experiences and perceptions of people with diabetes (PwD) (aged 14–25 years) and their carers, around transition planning, and the actual transfer from pediatric to adult diabetes healthcare services. Methods: Data were collected via an online global survey (seven language options), broadly advertised by the scientific societies ISPAD, EASD, patient advocates, team members and partners, via newsletters, websites, e-mails, and social media. Results: There were 146 respondents from 29 countries. Of these, 90 (61.6%) were PwD age 18.5 (±3.6 years), diagnosed at 9.0 (±4.4 years), and 56 (38.3%) carers. Respondents receiving care in pediatric units (vs. adult) (58.2%) had higher care satisfaction and more frequent appointments (p < 0.05); 65.1% of respondents reported a fixed transfer age (≥18 years). Overall, 45.2% detailed transfer-related concerns; 44.3% felt their psychosocial needs were adequately addressed, 24.7% felt unprepared for areas of self-management. Combined pediatric and adult diabetes clinics (56.2%), and psychologist support (50.7%) were most desired. Conclusion: Findings highlight the urgent need to improve the transition process. A joint ISPAD, EASD, and ADA consensus report is in preparation.

Despite its potential future collapse and profound impacts, assessing the tipping dynamics of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) remains a significant challenge. Complex models such as Earth System Models (ESMs) and Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs) introduce substantial uncertainties in identifying tipping points. To address this, recent research has focused on developing conceptual models based on non-linear dynamics to capture the tipping behavior of the system. However, existing conceptual models typically simulate the AMOC response to a single temperature forcing, whereas it is well established that the AMOC is also influenced by freshwater flux.In this study, we develop and validate an AMOC Tipping Calibration module that incorporates two forcing parameters: global mean temperature and freshwater flux. This module is designed as an emulator for the AMOC response within cGenie, an EMIC. Following validation, the emulator is integrated into SURFER, a simplified climate model that enables rapid and efficient simulations of AMOC trajectories under various scenario-based pathways. Our results show that incorporating both forcing parameters improves the accuracy of AMOC trajectory predictions. The methodology used to develop the two-parameter emulator is generalizable and can be applied to other tipping elements. By facilitating a greater number of simulations than complex models while maintaining calibration to them, this tool represents a significant advancement in exploring and understanding the potential future behaviour of the AMOC and other tipping elements.

Survival after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has increased over the last 40 years with an overall survival above 90%. Survivors may experience neurological late effects secondary to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This observational retrospective study evaluated the cumulative incidence of neurological late effects among 890 childhood ALL survivors treated in EORTC CLG trials (58741, 58831/2 and 58881) between 1971 and 1998. Median follow-up was 19 years and interquartile range of the follow-up was 15–22 years. At 20 years from the end of treatment, approximately 66% of patients from the 58741 trial (accrual time: 1971–1978) and approximately 15% from the more recent trials had cognitive disturbance grade 1 or higher. Cumulative incidences at 20 years from treatment end of seizures, stroke and leukoencephalopathy were respectively 45%, 16% and 62% in study 58741, 13%, 2% and 5% in study 58831/2, and 8%, 2% and 3% in study 58881. Patients who were 10–17 years of age at diagnosis had a higher incidence of stroke and leukoencephalopathy as compared to those less than 6 years of age. Noteworthy, all neurological late effects continued to occur beyond 5 years after end of treatment. This retrospective study highlights the frequency of neurological late effects in survivors of childhood ALL. With the increase of the overall survival of ALL patients, the role and potential benefit of longitudinal neurological screening should be evaluated in further studies as these neurological late effects become an important public health challenge. This study is part of the larger EORTC CLG 58 Late Adverse Effects (LAE) study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01298388, date of registration February 16, 2011).