Videnskab (Denmark)

ABSTRACT Sports referees are not always as unbiased or impartial as they ideally should be. Studies have shown, for example, that in their decisions, referees seem to be biased against people of different race, gender or height or biased in favour of the home team. There is no doubt that such partiality work against official ideals of fairness and non-discrimination in sport. The problem with this is that being affected by implicit biases potentially causes the referees to make unfair decisions, with the result that some people are penalised disproportionately within the realm of sport. In this paper, we argue that sports organisations ought to require referees to undergo implicit bias testing as part of their mandatory training, in order to gain knowledge about biases and to take the proper counter-measures to combat such biases. Finally, we present and critically discuss four objections to our argument and conclude that none of them are plausible.

Family and kinship constituted the social backbone of medieval society’s elite groups, but how was kinship understood, how did it function, and how did it transform in Scandinavia c. 1050–1250? Taking as its starting point Bourdieu’s distinction between “official” and “practical” kinship – i.e., between formal representations of kinship in official texts like laws and genealogies on the one hand, and on the other hand the network of family connections that are actually relied upon, mobilized, and put to use – the chapter discusses the workings of family ties in relation to property and inheritance, marriage, and conflict. It is argued that with the Church’s introduction of clerical celibacy, prohibition of concubinage and divorce, and new conceptions of kin relations based on blood and marriage within strictly defined degrees, official cultural maps of kinship saw a gradual consolidation and formalization, and it is discussed how elites took account of these changes and accommodated family strategies and practices to them.

Important in establishing terminology within the field was M. D. Strauss’s pioneering work on the behavior and dress of American Civil War reenactors. Strauss combined techniques from visual anthropology and visual analysis with ethnographic studies of Confederate reenactors. Reenactors classified as “hardcores” by Strauss’s review panel were those whose imitation of the past was perceived to be nearly flawless. Historical accuracy is one of the primary concerns within reenactment communities and the negotiation of authenticity is a topic of regular debate. A key question for scholars of reenactment interested in quasi-professional gradations involves determining what is perceived as authentic within any given reenactment community. Reenactment expertise is such a hotly contested issue among reenactors in self-organized leisure reenactment activities, as there is no one else but the reenactors themselves to ensure and adjudicate the quality of their reenactment. Research has shown that ideas about authenticity are constructed and negotiated differently within different reenactment milieus.

On Multiple Appearances: An Analysis of the Performing Body in Kitt Johnson's Drift In the article, I challenge the prevalent use of phenomenology in dance scholarship, which focusses on the dancer ...

The radio feature is one of the most prominent genres in the historization of radio. Based on an extensive study of Danish radio montage and its roots, this contribution considers the montage genre in Danish radio and – in particular – the transnational influence that helped shape it. Danish radio feature producer Viggo Clausen’s adaptations of Hans Magnus Enzensberger’s radio essays to Danish radio features will be discussed as an example of transnational inspira-tion and creative re-production.

In the wake of the discoveries of Otto Neugebauer and François ThureauDangin it became customary to speak of “Babylonian algebra”, and even of the<br/>generally algebraic character of Mesopotamian mathematics – not least because<br/>mathematics going beyond the most elementary level was supposed to be either<br/>geometric (in Greek style, which Mesopotamian mathematics was not) or algebraic. This, we may say, portrays the 18th-century understanding of mathematics, where d’Alembert – a master of the symbol-carried analysis that had<br/>been constructed in the previous century but only unfolded after 1700 –<br/>belonged to the class of géomètres because his kind of mathematics was based<br/>on proofs, and proofs belonged with geometry.<br/>The youngest generation of mathematicians has

The chapter investigates criminal culture and the black market in Denmark during the Second World War and the enforcement of regulations carried out by the police and governmental agencies. The authorities appealed for the acceptance of rationing and price control as a way of demonstrating social solidarity. In general, the public accepted regulations, yet the black market was large enough to cause concern. The black market was linked with both white-collar crime and organised crime. The so-called black-market sharks (spivs) were mainly men from the lower working class, around half of whom had prior convictions, and who generally had connections to an underworld of organised crime. In some parts of the country, the German army played an important role on the black market—as both consumers and sellers.

The chapter deals with the Danish culture debate after the Second World War as a historical folio to contemporary culture debates. The focus is on debates about democracy and humanism. I argue that the position of liberal intellectuals – then as well as now – is under pressure from two angles, a more politically activist position and a position endorsing spiritual immediacy. In the post-war debate liberal intellectuals argued for a democracy based on free speech and an academic humanism with focus on the study of culture as an important endeavour of orientation. It was opposed by Marxist intellectuals endorsing a democracy based on equality linked with politically formed humanistic studies and Christian intellectuals promoting a more genuine human relationship underneath both political discussions and academic humanistic studies. All three positions continue to influence contemporary debates. But in contemporary time the positions lack the unambiguous labels and values.

Contents: Preface The abacus at Echternach in ca. 1000 A.D Abbon de Fleury, abaci doctor Algorismi vel helcep decentior est diligentia: the arithmetic of Adelard of Bath and his circle Ten or forty? A confusing numerical symbol in the Middle Ages Indian numerals in the Mediterranean basin in the 12th century, with special reference to the 'Eastern forms' The use of Arabic numerals among the three language cultures of Norman Sicily Why we read Arabic numerals backwards The Toledan Regule (Liber Alchorismi, part II): a 12th-century arithmetical miscellany, (with Ji-Wei Zhao and Kurt Lampe) Learning Indian arithmetic in the early 13th century Latin alphanumerical notation and annotation in Italian in the 12th century: MS London, British Library, Harley 5402 Fibonacci's 'method of the Indians' Addenda and corrigenda Indexes.