Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Rice cultivation is the largest source of methane (CH4) emissions in Vietnam’s agricultural sector, making accurate quantification of these emissions critical for national GHG inventories and the design of mitigation policies. Currently, for UNFCCC GHG reporting, Vietnam primarily employs IPCC Tier 2 approaches using national emission factors combined with Tier 1 scaling factors. With the implementation of large-scale mitigation projects and Vietnam’s ambition to achieve Net Zero by 2050, Methane Global Pledge commitment by 2030, and joining international carbon markets, there is an urgent need to transition towards higher-tier methodologies. However, also process-based model (Tier 3) outputs are associated with uncertainty, which needs to be benchmarked first with established Tier 1 and 2 emission estimates.In this study, CH4 emission data from 13 Vietnamese field experiments are split into two groups—one with comprehensive management information (sufficient data) and one with sparse information (limited data)—to test IPCC Tier methods under different activity data conditions. Furthermore, for Tier 3, an inter-comparison is conducted between two biogeochemical models, DNDC and LandscapeDNDC. The evaluation focuses on the performance in estimating rice yields, seasonal CH4 emissions, and daily flux dynamics, while also analyzing the impact of different model parameterization and simulation setups.Our evaluation shows that Tier 1 significantly underestimates CH4 emissions, whereas Tier 2 provides a substantial improvement and remains robust across varying soil and management conditions. In contrast, Tier 3 outperforms Tier 2 only when comprehensive management data is available, reflecting its distinctive capacity to represent daily emission dynamics and management-driven peaks. Consequently, while Tier 2 remains a practical choice for national inventories, Tier 3 is essential for high-resolution mitigation assessments, particularly for large-scale emission reduction evaluations where detailed management data are comprehensively collected and systematically organized. The process-based model comparison reveals that while DNDC and LandscapeDNDC show similar performance under continuous flooding, they diverge significantly under Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) regimes. These discrepancies are primarily attributed to the models' different concepts of representing water table fluctuations.Building on these results, the Tier 3 approach of LandscapeDNDC was integrated into the web‑based LUI‑RICE platform (https://ldndc.online/rice/). This makes GHG quantification for Vietnamese rice cultivation directly accessible to local stakeholders and policymakers, translating the scientific findings of this study into a practical decision-support application.

Abstract The conservation of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) is essential for global food and nutrition security, climate resilience and sustainable agriculture. This study presents a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework applied across 20 countries in the Global South to assess the state of ex situ PGRFA conservation. Using mixed methods, we collected quantitative and qualitative data on genebank performance, validated operational status, and identified specific needs of genebanks. Our findings demonstrate the practical use of this M&E framework for genebanks to assess efficiency and effectiveness in genebank management, while also guiding targeted capacity development and context-specific interventions to address persistent challenges. We recommend adopting the approaches described in this study, including genebank reviews and the review checklist, to support more systematic and evidence-based assessment of genebanks. Aligning national efforts with global conservation objectives will help generate actionable recommendations to strengthen genebanks and ensure the long-term conservation and availability of PGRFA.

Manual inspection of egg quality, a critical process in the global food supply chain, is frequently hampered by the inherent inefficiencies and high error rates of traditional methods like candling, especially in detecting minor defects such as microcracks in large-scale production. To address these limitations, this study proposes and validates a deep learning framework for automated, real-time egg quality assessment and defect segmentation using the YOLOv5-seg model. A custom dataset comprising 660 images, categorized into four distinct quality classes (5-day, 15-day, cracked, and broken), was collected and annotated for this purpose. The framework’s performance was rigorously evaluated across five model variants, demonstrating exceptional results with optimal precision of 98.8%, recall of 97.7%, and a mean Average Precision (mAP@0.5) of 97.3% for both detection and segmentation tasks. Furthermore, to bridge the gap between research and practical application, the trained model was successfully deployed into a mobile application featuring an intuitive interface for on-site image capture, defect visualization, and real-time classification. This work presents a robust, scalable, and highly accurate solution that significantly enhances the efficiency and reliability of egg quality control, offering a pivotal technological advancement for the modern poultry industry.

International audience

Trong dạy học địa lí, một trong những năng lực quan trọng cần hình thành cho người học là năng lực nhận thức khoa học Địa lí. Trong quá trình dạy học địa lí ở trường trung học phổ thông (THPT) năng lực nhận thức của học sinh được biểu hiện ở khả năng nắm bắt, hiểu và vận dụng các tri thức địa lí để hoàn thành tốt các nhiệm vụ học tập được giao. Năng lực nhận thức khoa học Địa lí được biểu hiện thông qua năng lực nhận thức thế giới theo quan điểm không gian và năng lực giải thích các hiện tượng và quá trình địa lí. Như vậy, thông qua việc phát triển năng lực nhận thức khoa học Địa lí, học sinh (HS) đồng thời sẽ phát triển được các phẩm chất và năng lực chung như năng lực tự học, tự chủ; năng lực giao tiếp, hợp tác; năng lực giải quyết vấn đề, sáng tạo và các năng lực địa lí khác như năng lực tìm hiểu địa lí; năng lực vận dụng kiến thức, kĩ năng đã học đáp ứng được mục tiêu dạy học địa lí theo chương trình giáo dục phổ thông 2018.

ABSTRACTXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease in rice, exerting a detrimental impact on the yield of various rice cultivars in Vietnam, notably the Bacthom 7 (BT7) variety. Xoo possesses transcription activator‐like effectors (TALEs) which modulate the expression of host genes by specifically binding to the effector‐binding element (EBE) sequence in target promoter regions, thereby facilitating bacterial proliferation and pathogenesis on rice plants. Notably, OsSWEET13, a member of the Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporter (SWEET) gene family encoding sugar transporter proteins, has been identified as a prominent susceptibility (S) gene for BLB. This investigation focuses on elucidating the role of OsSWEET13 in the susceptibility of BT7 to BLB disease in Vietnam. Vietnamese Xoo (VXO) strains were observed to elicit characteristic BLB symptoms on BT7 and trigger the expression of OsSWEET13 during the course of infection. To further probe this, a clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) construct targeting the EBE PthXo2A site on the OsSWEET13 promoter was designed and introduced into BT7 rice plants through Agrobacterium tumefaciens, resulting in the creation of rice lines with OsSWEET13 promoter modifications. Upon conducting detailed genotype and phenotype analyses of the gene‐edited rice plants, it was ascertained that the mutation exhibited no adverse effects on the principal agronomic traits under scrutiny. Notably, a transgene‐free homozygous 3‐nucleotide deletion modified rice line displayed diminished OsSWEET13 gene expression and a significant reduction in BLB development upon inoculation with VXO strains. This study unequivocally establishes OsSWEET13 as an S gene for VXO, underscoring its significance in breeding programs aimed at enhancing BLB resistance in the BT7 variety through the utilization of CRISPR/Cas9 technology.

After holding the position of Prime Minister of India (2014), Mr. Narendra Modi made important adjustments in this country's foreign policy, in which cultural diplomacy is considered one of the important pillars. In the last two decades, India has continuously promoted cultural diplomacy activities with countries in Asia and around the world. Holding an important geopolitical position, Southeast Asia has become the focus of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's foreign policy. Through traditional values, India desires to connect with Southeast Asia more effectively. This article focuses on analyzing India's cultural diplomacy activities with Southeast Asia during the administration of Prime Minister Narendra Modi (2014 - 2024) through several aspects, such as Buddhist diplomacy, promoting and populazing Yoga, and exporting movies; thereby pointing out the position of Southeast Asia in India's foreign policy in general and the effectiveness of cultural diplomacy in increasing “soft power”, affirming India's influence in Southeast Asia.

In this study, applying the theories on case-based learning, we have built a new set of 30 case studies used in teaching and learning for some contents of Module S1.4: Physical basis of life activities and applications in medicine according to the competency-based training program of Hanoi Medical University. A set of 30 case studies accompanied by 150 multiple choice questions (MCQ) is designed to suit each corresponding teaching method such as Lectures (LEC), Seminar (SEM), and Team Based Learning (TBL). The feedback from students shows that 97.1% of students agreed that the content of the cases is suitable with the goals and content of each corresponding lesson; 95.3% of students said that the situations all have a clinical context, promoting the attractiveness of the lesson. The content of the set of situations in the topic is completely new and has been built and used by lecturers of Medical Physics, Hanoi Medical University in teaching students of Hanoi Medical University recently.

Seventeen bacterial strains able to suppress plant pathogens have been isolated from healthy Vietnamese crop plants and taxonomically assigned as members of the Bacillus cereus group. In order to prove their potential as biocontrol agents, we perform a comprehensive analysis that included the whole-genome sequencing of selected strains and the mining for genes and gene clusters involved in the synthesis of endo- and exotoxins and secondary metabolites, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Kurstakin, thumolycin, and other AMPs were detected and characterized by different mass spectrometric methods, such as MALDI-TOF-MS and LIFT-MALDI-TOF/TOF fragment analysis. Based on their whole-genome sequences, the plant-associated isolates were assigned to the following species and subspecies: B. cereus subsp. cereus (6), B. cereus subsp. bombysepticus (5), Bacillus tropicus (2), and Bacillus pacificus. These three isolates represent novel genomospecies. Genes encoding entomopathogenic crystal and vegetative proteins were detected in B. cereus subsp. bombysepticus TK1. The in vitro assays revealed that many plant-associated isolates enhanced plant growth and suppressed plant pathogens. Our findings indicate that the plant-associated representatives of the B. cereus group are a rich source of putative antimicrobial compounds with potential in sustainable agriculture. However, the presence of virulence genes might restrict their application as biologicals in agriculture.