Voss Scientific (United States)

This paper introduces a scalar-field-based explanation for the nuclear force within the NUVO framework. Instead of relying on gluon or meson exchange, NUVO models nuclear binding as a localized collapse of scalar modulation (sinertia), leading to the formation of a modulation vacuum known as the kenos. In this regime, pinertia vanishes and nucleons form a kinetic condensate bound at light-speed trajectories. The loss of modulation explains mass defects and photon emission during binding, while photon absorption can restore modulation, enabling decay or fission. This paper formalizes the scalar nuclear interaction and outlines a self-consistent scalar mechanism for nuclear stability, decay, and reconstitution.

This paper introduces the concept of black holes in NUVO theory, reinterpreting gravitational collapse not as the formation of a curvature singularity, but as a phase boundary where sinertia—the space-coupling capacity of mass—collapses to zero. Inside the resulting kenos region, scalar modulation ceases, pinertia vanishes, and matter transitions into a kinetic condensate propagating at the speed of light. We compare this framework with general relativity, analyze the dynamics of collapse under the scalar field λ(t, r, v), and explore implications for event horizon structure, entropy scaling, and the fate of information in gravitationally bound systems.

Current loss scales linearly with mean plasma in Inner MITL confirming once plasma fills gap a Hall-like electron transport, not ions, drives current loss.

Two-dimensional electromagnetic (EM) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of a radial magnetically-insulated-transmission-line are presented and compared to the model of E. M. Waisman, M. P. Desjarlais, and M. E. Cuneo [Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 22, 030402 (2019) in the ``high-enhancement'' (WDC-HE) limit. The simulations use quasi-equilibrium current and voltage values based on the Sandia National Laboratories $Z$ accelerator, with prescribed injection of an electron sheath that gives electron density profiles qualitatively similar to those used in the WDC-HE model. We find that the WDC-HE model accurately predicts the quasiequilibrium ion current losses in the EM PIC simulations for a wide range of current and voltage values. For the case of two ion species where one is magnetically insulated by the ambient magnetic field and the other is not, the charge of the lighter insulated species in the anode-cathode gap can modify the electric field profile, reducing the ion current density enhancement for the heavier ion species. On the other hand, for multiple ion species, when the lighter ions are not magnetically insulated and are a significant fraction of the anode plasma, they dominate the current loss, producing loss currents which are a significant fraction of the lighter ion WDC values. The observation of this effect in the present work is new to the field and may significantly impact the analysis of ion current losses in the $Z$ machine inner MITL and convolute.

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We have studied the parametric interaction between a fast magnetosonic (FM) mode and a lower oblique resonance (LOR) mode in a cold, magnetized plasma using a kinetic, three dimensional Particle-in-Cell simulation code called the Large Scale Plasma. The FM mode is excited with a loop antenna driven at a frequency below the lower hybrid frequency (ωLH), while the LOR is excited at a frequency above ωLH. For historical purposes explained in the Introduction, we call the antennas which drive the FM mode and LOR mode Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) and Very Low Frequency (VLF) antennas, respectively. The antennas are modeled as magnetic dipoles (ρant = 0) and are assigned a time varying current density within a finite sized current loop. The VLF and ELF antennas are driven at 10 A and 3 A, respectively. The parametric interaction is excited with a combined ELF/VLF antenna (which we call a parametric antenna) and includes both antennas driven simultaneously in the same simulation domain. We show that the parametric antenna non-linearly excites electromagnetic (EM) whistler waves to a greater extent than the VLF antenna alone. We also show that the parametric excitation of EM whistler waves leads to greater emitted EM power (measured in Watts) compared with a VLF antenna alone.

Superparamagnetic relaxometry (SPMR) is a new technology used for detection and localization of cells tagged with super-paramagnetic nanoparticles. SPMR is one of the most promising methods for early cancer diagnosis with the potential for submillimeter size tumor resolution. SQUID-based gradiometers are very suitable for such sensitive measurements. Presently, most commonly used SPMR instruments consist of axial wire-wound gradiometers connected to SQUID-sensors placed inside tight superconducting shields. This configuration avoids flux trapping by the Josephson junctions during magnetization. A thin-film planar gradiometer integrated with a SQUID on a single chip traps flux, if it picks up even small portion of a magnetizing field. Thermal cycling is very slow, therefore it is not practical. Special measures must be applied such as newly developed methods of SQUIDs ac de-fluxing. Planar thin-film gradiometers have advantages over axial wire-wound gradiometers because of their much higher balance level, higher reliability, and reproducibility in production, and significant simplification of multichannel systems design. In this paper, we compare experimental results received using axial wire-wound and planar thin-film gradiometers. This comparison is based on SPMR measurements conducted using the seven-channel axial second-order gradiometer system and two systems with different geometries of the thin-film first-order planar gradiometer arrays. We discuss advantages and drawbacks of the two types of gradiometers.

Abstract Current methods for detecting solid tumors lack sensitivity and diagnose primary and metastatic lesions only after the tumor is well established. Superparamagnetic Relaxometry (SPMR) is a combination technology that utilizes superconducting quantum interference detectors (SQUID) to measure the magnetization of superparamagnetic, tumor-targeting magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. Conceptually, PEGylated Fe3O4 nanoparticles labeled with a tumor targeting moiety (i.e., a monoclonal antibody) are intravenously injected and specifically target solid tumors utilizing both passive (the EPR effect) and active (receptor-mediated) mechanisms. Subsequently, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles are magnetized by a low field magnetic pulse in the MRX™ instrument and only those particles that are bound to their target site are measured by the SQUID sensors. Unbound nanoparticles are not detected. To demonstrate the utility of SPMR in detecting cancer we used PEGylated PrecisionMRX® nanoparticles that are covalently linked with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting ERB-2 (anti-Her2). The particles were characterized for size (by dynamic light scattering), free and bound mAb (by ELISA), antibody potency (by bioassay) and stealth (in plasma interaction studies). In vitro, the anti-Her2 conjugated particles exhibited specific binding to ERB-2 overexpressing breast cancer cells (MCF-7/Her2-18). Specific binding was defined by the ability of the native mAb to competitively block the binding of the anti-HER-2 conjugated particles to ERB-2 antigen coated on ELISA plates or expressed on the cell surface. In addition, in ERB-2 negative cell lines, the anti-Her2 conjugated particles exhibited little to no binding. In vivo, anti-Her2 conjugated PrecisionMRX exhibited significantly longer circulation times when compared to unPEGylated particles. Distinct magnetic dipoles were detected by the MRX instrument at the target site (the tumor) and site of nanoparticle elimination (the liver). These data were confirmed in excised organs showing significant magnetic moments in the liver, tumor, and spleen. Analysis of the MRX SPMR data suggest that the technology can detect as few as 10,000 cancer cells in vivo by optimizing the nanoparticles for stealth and targeting. This work was performed, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, an Office of Science User Facility operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Citation Format: Weldon CL, Minser KE, Gomez A, Anderson WH, Karaulanov T, Hathaway HJ, Huber DL, Vreeland EC, Paciotti G. Specific detection of anti-Her2 PEGylated PrecisionMRX® nanoparticles measured using superparamagnetic relaxometry [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-01-08.

Abstract We report on the use of Superparamagnetic Relaxometry (SPMR) as a technique for monitoring the distribution of superparamagnetic magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles in vivo. SPMR uses superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) sensors to measure the remnant magnetization of nanoparticles bound to cells following a brief magnetizing pulse. Unbound nanoparticles are not detected, making SPMR uniquely capable of discriminating between nanoparticles that are circulating freely in the bloodstream from those that have been immobilized in organs and tissues throughout the body. The rate of clearance of magnetic nanoparticles from circulation is largely dependent on their hydrodynamic diameter and surface chemistry. In this study, biodistribution of PrecisionMRX™ nanoparticles with 25 nm cores and two different surface coatings were followed using the MRX™ instrument. In independent experiments, negatively charged carboxylate nanoparticles and methoxy-PEG (mPEG) functionalized nanoparticles with a near neutral charge were suspended in 100 μL of saline. Nanoparticle suspensions were injected intravenously via tail vein into Balb/C mice at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body mass, while control mice were injected with 100 μL of saline solution. Mice were measured individually on the MRX instrument at successive time points over the course of 24 hours. At selected intervals during the 24 hour period, mice were euthanized, exsanguinated, and organs harvested for ex vivo measurements on the MRX. Organs and blood were subsequently assayed for iron content. MRX measurements of mice injected with carboxylate nanoparticles showed a strong magnetic signal localized in the region of liver that reached a maximum several minutes after injection. The negative surface charge of the carboxylate nanoparticles likely resulted in their rapid opsonization in the blood and removal from circulation by phagocytic cells in the liver. Conversely, MRX measurements of mice injected with mPEG coated nanoparticles indicated an extended circulation time, with a gradually increasing magnetic signal in the liver that had not yet reached a maximum after four hours. Together, these experiments demonstrate the utility in using SPMR to measure the clearance of nanoparticles from the bloodstream following injection, an important parameter in the design of optimal coatings for in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic use. This work was performed, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, an Office of Science User Facility operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Citation Format: Andrew Gomez, Kayla E. Minser, Caroline L. Weldon, Bill Anderson, Todor Karaulanov, Helen J. Hathaway, Dale L. Huber, Edward R. Flynn, Erika Vreeland. Monitoring in vivo biodistribution of superparamagnetic nanoparticles using superparamagnetic relaxometry (SPMR). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4239.