War Studies Academy

This study examines how the obligations of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being align with the constitutional guarantees of human dignity outlined in Article 30 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.

Irregular migration to the Member States of the European Union constitutes one of the key challenges to national and regional security in the 21st century. The increase in migratory pressure, particularly after 2015, has exposed the limitations of existing migration governance mechanisms and the complexity of associated threats. The phenomenon of unauthorised crossings of the EU's external borders generates challenges related to public order, internal security, the stability of asylum systems, and the integrity of the Union’s borders. The analysis focuses on the legal, institutional, and operational dimensions of the European Union's migration policy, with particular attention given to the New Pact on Migration and Asylum, return procedures, readmission mechanisms, and the operational role of Frontex. The research hypothesis assumes a shift in EU policy priorities towards reinforced border control and cooperation with third countries, at the expense of intra-Union solidarity and human rights protection standards. The findings highlight the growing fragmentation of EU migration policy and the need to balance Member States’ security interests with international legal obligations and the fundamental values of the European Union.

Background. Nitric oxide has emerged as a key physiological signalling molecule that has a significant impact on vessels, skeletal muscle function and exercise performance. With this in mind, increasing its production is of great interest to clinicians and athletes, making citrulline malate a potential medication and one of the most popular ergogenic supplements. Aim. This article aims to review current knowledge on citrulline malate supplementation, with emphasis on its pharmacokinetics, proposed medical application and ergogenic benefits. Material and Methods. Literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar for clinical trials, meta-analyses, and reviews on citrulline malate using keywords: citrulline malate, nitric oxide, muscle endurance, medical applications, supplementation”. Results. Citrulline malate exhibit its positive impact on many medical conditions. In pulmonary hypertension by improving exercise tolerance and modestly reducing arterial pressure. In metabolic conditions, leading to better glycaemic control, improved lipid profiles, and reduced inflammation in diabetes. Men with mild erectile dysfunction report subjective improvements when using citrulline malate alone or alongside other therapies. In atherosclerosis, it increases the elasticity of the arteries, which becomes weaker in advanced disease. Beyond medical applications, citrulline malate supplementation is primarily known for supporting short-term, high-intensity exercise by delaying fatigue, improving endurance, lowering perceived exertion during resistance training and reducing post-workout muscle soreness. Conclusion: Citrulline malate could be used as medical application and can enhance exercise performance by delaying fatigue and reducing muscle soreness. Larger, rigorously controlled trials are required to establish optimal dosing, target activities and long-term safety.

Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity is still a major clinical problem, usually appearing subclinically before structural or symptomatic cardiac dysfunction appears. Standard surveillance methods use imaging and biomarkers, which are time-intensive and money-intensive and can only identify damage at more advanced levels. Electrocardiography (ECG) provides a low-cost, non-invasive method that can detect early electrophysiological changes but is not fully utilized in cardio-oncology. The present work was designed to build an explainable machine learning model for predicting chemo-like cardiotoxicity patterns at an early stage from single-lead ECG signals. A public ECG data set (n=4997 segments) underwent preprocessing and was converted to 18 temporal, morphologic, and spectral features. Two ensemble learning algorithms-Random Forest and XGBoost-were trained and validated with stratified splits. Model performance was assessed with ROC-AUC, PR-AUC, and F1-score with 1000 bootstrap resampling. Feature interpretability was evaluated through permutation importance and SHAP analysis. Both models scored near-perfect classification (ROC-AUC and PR-AUC>0.99, F1-score ≈ 0.986). Spectral entropy, band3 (high-energy frequency), QT surrogate, and peak count were the top features ranking alongside early cardiotoxicity indicators like repolarization instability and autonomic imbalance. The feature-driven, interpretable ML architecture suggested here shows that single-lead ECG has the potential to be an affordable and clinically relevant tool for the early detection of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. The method provides a feasible route toward implementation in precision cardio-oncology, particularly in resource-poor or ambulatory environments.

The article presents the evolution in the development of operational concepts in the United States Armed Forces in relation to military strategy and the challenges of today’s security environment. The expansion of operations beyond the air, sea and land domains and into space and cyberspace has resulted in the engagement of scientists, computer scientists and astrophysicists. The integration of expertise from the above domains aims at achieving greater operational effectiveness of joint force. The author focused his research on defining factors and criteria that determined the assumptions of subsequent concepts. He used the method of critical analysis, to which the source materials (articles, reports, doctrines, monographs) were subjected.

Artykuł analizuje możliwości i uwarunkowania wykorzystania sztucznej inteligencji (AI) w operacjach wojskowych w kontekście bezpieczeństwa narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Celem badań było rozpoznanie potencjału, ograniczeń oraz czynników prawnych, organizacyjnych i technologicznych determinujących wdrażanie AI w Siłach Zbrojnych RP. Postawiono hipotezę, że zastosowanie AI wzmacnia bezpieczeństwo narodowe, choć skuteczność jej implementacji zależy od spójnych regulacji i kompetencji personelu. Zastosowano analizę dokumentów strategicznych, piśmiennictwa naukowego oraz metodę analizy i syntezy. Wyniki wskazują, że mimo istniejących krajowych strategii oraz ram NATO i ONZ, tempo implementacji AI w polskiej obronności pozostaje niższe niż u partnerów zagranicznych z uwagi na bariery wykonawcze, brak szczegółowych dokumentów wdrożeniowych oraz ograniczone finansowanie badań. Zidentyfikowano trzy kluczowe kategorie ryzyka: techniczne, operacyjne i cybernetyczne. Rekomenduje się opracowanie krajowych ram prawnych zapewniających kontrolę człowieka nad systemami autonomicznymi, zwiększenie inwestycji w badania i kadry specjalistyczne oraz rozwijanie współpracy międzynarodowej w celu harmonizacji standardów bezpieczeństwa.

This paper examines the state of research on addictive technology, focusing on the design of such technology and on mitigation strategies. It offers three contributions: a review tracing the evolution of scholarly literature; conceptual foundations for understanding addictive techniques used in technology design; and a proposed framework for addressing this issue. Drawing on a systematic review of 42 studies from major databases (Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Scholar), the study applied quantitative analysis to investigate publication patterns and identify predominant themes in the literature. The analysis reveals growing academic interest in addictive technology, with keywords highlighting concerns about user experience and psychological health. Addictive technology is designed to capture and retain user attention through engaging content, personalized algorithms, and attention-grabbing mechanisms (such as notifications, variable rewards, illusion of control, and infinite social media feeds), fostering habit formation and, consequently, compulsive use. Mitigation solutions include technological design innovations, regulatory measures, user empowerment, and educational initiatives.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a combined physiotherapy intervention—ultrasound, TENS, stretching, and strengthening exercises—on pain, joint mobility, muscle strength, and functional activity in a patient with plantar fasciitis caused by a calcaneal spur. A case study was conducted involving a 58-year-old female patient who underwent three physiotherapy sessions over two weeks. The interventions included ultrasound (3 MHz frequency, 5 minutes, twice a week), TENS (continuous mode, 15 minutes, intensity per patient tolerance), stretching (calf raises and towel stretches, 2 sets of 10 repetitions), and ankle strengthening exercises using a theraband (8-second holds for 8 minutes). Pre- and post-intervention assessments used the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), goniometer, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), and the Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI). The results showed reductions in pain (rest: 5–2; pressure: 5–3; movement: 7–5), improved joint mobility, and an increase in FADI score from 51 to 57, although no significant changes were observed in muscle strength. The novelty of this study lies in the integration of weekly functional assessment (FADI) into an evidence-based multimodal physiotherapy protocol applicable in resource-limited clinical settings.

Abstract The aim of the conducted studies was to identify socially desirable changes, the implementation of which may improve the image of the Police as an employer in Poland, as well as solutions contributing to the enhancement of personnel security within this uniformed formation. This goal was achieved through empirical research on a sample of 768 respondents. The results of the research, which were subjected to statistical analysis, revealed not only the changes that should be implemented in the area of employer branding within the Police but also highlighted the diversity in social perception regarding the image of the Police, which resulted, among other factors, from the generational diversity of the respondents.

Penelitian ini melaporkan manajemen fisioterapi pada seorang pasien perempuan berusia 44 tahun dengan post-ORIF fraktur kolum humerus dextra di RSUD Bagas Waras Klaten, yang meliputi pemberian infrared superfisial (10–15 menit) dan program latihan terstruktur selama 4 minggu (3 sesi/minggu). Evaluasi pra- dan pasca-intervensi mencakup nyeri (NRS), kekuatan otot (MMT), lingkup gerak sendi (LGS), dan fungsi bahu (SPADI). Setelah 12 sesi, nyeri gerak menurun dari 6/10 menjadi 4/10, nyeri tekan dari 4/10 menjadi 2/10; skor MMT bahu dan lengan meningkat 1 derajat kekuatan; LGS fleksi bahu bertambah 15°, abduksi bertambah 15°, dan rotasi internal–eksternal bertambah rata-rata 15°; skor SPADI menurun dari 85 % (disabilitas tinggi) menjadi 48 % (disabilitas ringan). Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi infrared dan terapi latihan intensitas terkontrol efektif mengurangi nyeri, meningkatkan kekuatan otot, rentang gerak, dan fungsi sehari-hari pada pasien post-ORIF fraktur humerus dextra.