Wave Computation Technologies (United States)

Greater nicotine delivery is associated with higher nicotine concentrations in electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) liquids. However, there is a current debate as to whether this leads to increased dependence and mitigates ENDS public health potential. Self-reported dependence among users of myblu ENDS containing different nicotine concentrations was examined with data from a multiwave cross-sectional survey of US young adults and adults. Questions examined responses related to dependence measures and participants' most often used myblu ENDS nicotine concentration (low: 0%, 1% and 1.2%; medium: 2%, 2.4% and 2.5%; or high: 3.6% and 4%). A global general linear model using nicotine concentration, age and days myblu that was used in the past 30 revealed a significant difference in PROMIS scores among nicotine concentration groups (F= 4.07, p= 0.02). However, pairwise comparisons to examine which specific groups differed significantly from others showed no significant differences. Logistic regression demonstrated that strong past 30-day cravings to use myblu among participants using high or medium nicotine concentrations were not significantly different from those using a low concentration (ORs 0.66 [0.42, 1.03], p = 0.07 and 0.95 [0.49, 1.82], p = 0.98, respectively). Time to daily first use for high or medium nicotine concentration users was not significantly different from those using a low concentration (ORs 0.89 [0.70, 1.14], p = 0.35 and 0.84 [0.57, 1.25], p = 0.40, respectively). Use of myblu ENDS with different nicotine concentrations is not associated with differing levels of dependence. Our findings contradict the notion that high ENDS e-liquid nicotine levels generate increased dependence.

The conception of memristor is becoming increasingly prevalent due to its remarkable electronic properties. In this paper, a circuit model of the memristor using simple SPICE code is presented. An ideal closed-loop operational amplifier (OP-AMP) is applied to realize the feedback-controlled integrator, which expands the hitherto methods to solve the memristor’s modeling equations presented by HP Lab. The behaviors of the proposed memristor model in SPICE are investigated. The desired excitation source and initial condition of the doped state can both be easily tuned in the memristor model. Different pinched hysteresis loop i-v curves are presented through different stimulus like sinusoidal and square-wave voltage source.

It is necessary to protect electronic components and systems from the intentional or unintentional broadband impulse electromagnetic interference (EMI). The previously reported shielding permits the waves in the desired frequency band to be transparent, and stop the wave in the other frequency bands. This paper proposes a new impulse EMI shielding based on a diode grid. The proposed shielding is transparent to the electromagnetic wave when it is weak, but prevents the incident wave from transmitting when it is strong. The shielding permits the electronic systems to communicate with each other in a normal electromagnetic environment, but protects them from the intentional impulse EMI. The effectiveness of the shielding is evaluated using Wavenology™, a commercial full wave transient field simulator integrated with the nonlinear SPICE circuit solver. The paper also discusses the dependence of shielding on some important design factors such as the electromagnetic frequency and the size of the unit cell.