Wayne County Regional Educational Service Agency

Similar to previous iterations, this action research study examined student perceptions of K-12 online learning as part of an action research project working to improve a graduate course on using internet-based instruction in the classroom. Additionally, since the data were collected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, additional analysis of the qualitative data shines a light on why K-12 education struggled with the transition to remote teaching in the spring of 2020. Qualitative analysis of student artifacts, particularly student blog posts, revealed a general lack of awareness about the scope of online learning at the time, an evolving consensus of whether online learning was suitable for various ages, and how adults support online learning. Recommendations for future iterations of the course take these themes into account, along with how the pandemic may have already changed the opinions of future students in the course.

AimsWhereas intravenous administration of Toll‐like receptor 4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to human volunteers is frequently used in clinical pharmacology studies, systemic use of LPS has practical limitations. We aimed to characterize the intradermal LPS response in healthy volunteers, and as such qualify the method as local inflammation model for clinical pharmacology studies.MethodsEighteen healthy male volunteers received 2 or 4 intradermal 5 ng LPS injections and 1 saline injection on the forearms. The LPS response was evaluated by noninvasive (perfusion, skin temperature and erythema) and invasive assessments (cellular and cytokine responses) in skin biopsy and blister exudate.ResultsLPS elicited a visible response and returned to baseline at 48 hours. Erythema, perfusion and temperature were statistically significant (P < .0001) over a 24‐hour time course compared to saline. The protein response was dominated by an acute interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8 and tumour necrosis factor response followed by IL‐1β, IL‐10 and interferon‐γ. The cellular response consisted of an acute neutrophil influx followed by different monocyte subsets and dendritic cells.DiscussionIntradermal LPS administration in humans causes an acute, localized and transient inflammatory reaction that is well‐tolerated by healthy volunteers. This may be a valuable inflammation model for evaluating the pharmacological activity of anti‐inflammatory investigational compounds in proof of pharmacology studies.

A majority of secondary science teachers are found to include the topic of climate change in their courses. However, teachers informally and sporadically discuss climate change and students rarely understand the underlying scientific concepts. The project team developed an innovative pedagogical approach, in which teachers and students learn climate change concepts by analyzing National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) global data collected through satellites and by imitating the NASA data collection process through NASA Airborne Earth Research Observation Kites And Tethered Systems (AEROKATS), a kite-borne remote sensing system. Besides AEROKATS, other major components of this system include a web-collection of NASA and remote sensing data and related educational resources, project-based learning for teacher professional development, teacher and student field trips, iOS devices, smart field data collector apps, portable weather stations, probeware, and a virtual teacher collaboratory supported with a GIS-enabled mapping portal. Three sets of research instruments, the NASA Long-Term Experience –Educator End of Event Survey, the Teacher End of Project Survey, and the pre-and-post-Investigating Climate Change and Remote Sensing (ICCARS) project student exams, are adapted to study the pedagogical impacts of the NASA AEROKATS remote sensing system. These findings confirm that climate change education is more effective when both teachers and students actively participate in authentic scientific inquiry by collecting and analyzing remote sensing data, developing hypotheses, designing experiments, sharing findings, and discussing results.

Progress was made in elucidating the mechanism of the O[sub 2] activation by tris(pyrazolyl)borate cobalt complexes. A series of Tp[sup i]Co-complexes (Tp[sup i]=hydridotris(3-i-propyl-5- methylpyrazolyl)borate) was prepared.

The effects of two types of physical therapy service were studied over a five-month period in 19 severely mentally impaired cerebral palsied students aged 3 to 22 years. The students were paired and assigned to either a direct therapy treatment group or a supervised therapy management group. Ten similar students in a comparison group received no physical therapy. The study showed no significant difference in development of mature developmental reflexes, improvement of gross motor skills, or increase of passive joint motion among similar students placed in the direct, supervised, and comparison groups. This pilot study is not intended to decide the issue of physical therapy for these students. It does, however, indicate that objective tests may be used reliably to measure three major areas of sensory motor development. More extensive and longer-term studies are needed to determine the most beneficial form of physical therapy for this double-disability population.

Abstract The article focuses on the entity concept in accounting. Of necessity accounting is practiced within a framework of basic assumptions. These condition in various manner the resulting product. Holding primary rank in the framework of assumptions is the view that the business undertaking is an entity. As commonly set forth the entity view holds the business enterprise to be an institution in its own right, separate and distinct from the parties who furnish the funds, which make possible its operation. Strongest support for the institution in its own right assumption is held to exist in the case of the corporation to which the state grants the right to hold legal title to property, which the state taxes as an individual, and which holds the legal right to sue or be sued. The accounting concept of entity does not wholly rest upon the existence of legal entity, however. The entity point of view is held to be equally applicable to sole proprietorships and partnerships which lack the characteristic of legal entity. In the case of consolidated statements, also, the entity whose status and whose success or failure are depicted is an economic entity whose scope often encompasses numerous separate legal entities.

Abstract

Detroit, Michigan *This manuscript was awarded a silver medal by the Distinguished Service Foundation of Optometry in 1937. An abridgment of this heretofore unpublished paper is now presented. Submitted on December 6, 1946, for publication in the February, 1947, issue of the American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry by Dr. Laurence P. Folsom, Secretary, Distinguished Service Foundation of Optometry, who says—"while the material is directed at college students it contains much of value to all students and practitioners regardless of age.” †Associate Professor of Physics, Wayne University.

Abstract Reviews the book "Surplus and Dividends," by Henry Rand Hatfield.