Wayo Women's University

Human social behavior spans a continuum from self-serving actions to other-oriented sacrifices. Underlying these behaviors are reputational concerns, specifically rejection avoidance and praise seeking. However, it is unclear how reputational concerns relate to pathological altruism, which involves excessive, irrational self-sacrifice, and healthy selfishness, which prioritizes one’s own fulfillment with consideration of potential negative effects on others. This study examined whether rejection avoidance and praise seeking are associated with pathological altruism and healthy selfishness. Data were collected from 787 participants between the ages of 15 and 59. The results indicated that both rejection avoidance and praise seeking were positively correlated with pathological altruism and healthy selfishness, even after controlling for empathy. Most associations were stable across all ages, although the association between praise seeking and healthy selfishness was moderated by age. These findings provide initial empirical evidence that reputational concerns may drive individuals toward both pathological altruism and healthy selfishness. This result enhances the understanding of the motivational role of social evaluation in complex human social functioning.

disaster prevention plans are now required to include information for helping residents to evacuate quickly and safely, such as means of delivering flood forecast information and evacuation sites, by each inundation risk area.Municipal governments are also required to keep their residents informed of such information.For these reasons, flood hazard maps were positioned as a means to inform residents of information on flood risks and evacuation.Along with the partial amendment of the Flood Fighting Act, "Flood Hazard Mapping Manual" was also amended, and consequently flood hazard maps have been prepared and disclosed by 301 municipalities across Japan as of the end of fiscal year 2003.However, the progress is not necessarily satisfactory.In 2004, a series of downpour that occurred in many places across Japan revealed several problems to be solved.To address such issues, it was decided to amend the Flood Fighting Act so that the local capability of preventing disasters will be improved.The amendment was promulgated in May 2, 2005, and went into effect in July 1 of the same year.By this amendment, municipal governments are now required to designate inundation risk areas not only along large rivers for which flood forecasting is conducted but along also major smalland medium-sized rivers.In addition, the municipal governments are required to keep their residents informed of means of delivering information on flood forecasts and evacuation sites by distributing flood hazard maps that contain such information.The purpose here is to provide residents with sufficient information on disaster prevention so as to help them act appropriately at the occurrence of disaster.To this end, flood hazard mapping is now considered to be even more important than ever.This "Flood Hazard Mapping Manual" was prepared as a technical reference to provide practical guidelines in flood hazard mapping, based on the amended Flood Fighting Act.I hope this manual is helpful for all concerned to successfully prepare and disclose flood hazard maps.

ABSTRACTChicory (Cichorium intybus L.; witloof) contains bioactive compounds such as sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) and inulin, providing potential health benefits. However, the effects of cooking and processing on chicory's nutritional composition remain underexplored, particularly regarding its metabolite profile during low‐temperature processing. We aimed to investigate how different heating temperatures and processing times affect the nutritional composition of the whole chicory plants. We employed a targeted metabolomics approach to analyze the impact of low (30°C, 60°C) and high (100°C, microwave)‐temperature processing on chicory's nutritional profile, focusing on amino acids, sugars, organic acids, fatty acids, and other metabolites in both leaves and roots. Lower temperatures (≤ 60°C) influenced the concentration of nutritional components (sugars, free amino acids, organic acids), branched‐chain amino acids (which improve exercise performance), and γ‐aminobutyric acid (which has antihypertensive effects), depending on the composition of raw chicory. In contrast, high temperatures (100°C) and microwave processing, especially in chicory leaves, induced the formation of low molecular weight sugars from polysaccharides and glycosides, reduced free amino acid concentrations, and triggered heat‐induced aminocarbonyl reactions. This study provides valuable information for improving the flavor profile and potential health benefits of chicory by identifying optimal heat processing parameters to maintain desirable nutritional value.

2019年あるいは2020年の秋期に全国7都市の保育所に在籍する3‐6歳児の幼児798名を対象に, 連続しない平日2日と休日2日の計4日間, 秤量記録法による食事調査を実施した。平日と休日それぞれの習慣的な栄養素等摂取量を算出し, 日本人の食事摂取基準 (2020年版) の各指標の基準と比較し評価した。習慣的な栄養素摂取量が推定平均必要量 (EAR) 未満の割合が平日に比べて休日で有意に多かった栄養素はビタミンA, B1, B2, C, カリウム, カルシウム, 鉄であった。休日と比較し, 平日では望ましい栄養素等摂取状況にあることが示唆された。しかし, カルシウムはEAR未満の幼児の割合が男女ともに平日で約40％以上, 休日で70％以上と高い値を示した。休日ではカルシウムの他にも, ビタミンA, B1, 鉄などの摂取不足が見られ, 幼児における栄養素等摂取状況の問題点が明らかとなった。保育所で提供される給食や間食からカルシウム等の不足しがちな栄養素を補給できるようにするとともに, 家庭での食事状況の改善の必要性が示唆された。

As the global environment changes, the development of thermal functionality of fabric products has attracting attention. Accordingly, methods to measure the surface temperature of fabrics and an experimental system to immediately provide changes in humidity for this purpose were examined. We first attempted a method to move the humidity setting of an artificial climate chamber up and down at the maximum rate for the evaluation of exothermicity of moisture absorption and endothermicity of moisture release characteristics. Next, we evaluated a method to move back and forth between two consecutive climate artificial chambers to measure exothermicity of moisture absorption and endothermicity of moisture properties with higher accuracy. The latter method was then used to compare the infrared thermocamera, a non-contact thermometer, with the K-type thermocouple sensor, a contact thermometer.

Gross efficiency (GE) and the index of pedal force effectiveness (IFE) are important factors that enhance cyclists’ performance; however, the effects of changing pedal force (gear ratio) and cadence on these indices while riding on a road racing bicycle are poorly investigated. This study aimed to examine the effect of changing gear ratio or cadence on GE and IFE using a road racing bicycle. Nine male cyclists completed graded submaximal cycling tests (five stages of 4 min submaximal cycling sessions with 1 min passive rest intervals). The work rate of each stage was determined using two principles: changing gear ratio at a fixed cadence and changing cadence at a fixed gear ratio. We determined GE and IFE using respiratory variables and pedal reaction forces, respectively. Increasing the gear ratio improved GE, and was associated with the IFE. Although increasing the cadence slightly improved GE from the initial level, the increased values then mostly maintained. IFE was almost stable even when cadence increased. Moreover, no significant correlation was observed between the changes in GE and IFE accompanied by increasing cadence. Our data indicate that an increasing gear ratio, but not cadence, may affect GE and IFE while riding on a road racing bicycle.

Abdominal bioelectrical impedance analysis (aBIA) has been in use to measure visceral fat area (VFA) in adults. Accurately measuring visceral fat using aBIA in children is challenging. Forty-six school-aged Japanese children aged 6–17 years (25 boys and 21 girls) were included in this study. All were measured, and their VFA obtained using aBIA (VFA-aBIA) and abdominal computed tomography (CT) (VFA-CT) were compared. VFA-aBIA was corrected using the Passing–Bablok method (corrected VFA-aBIA). The relationships between corrected VFA-aBIA and obesity-related clinical factors were analyzed, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and serum leptin and adiponectin levels. Boys had higher VFA-CT than girls (p = 0.042), although no significant differences were found in their waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and body mass index. The corrected VFA-aBIA using y = 9.600 + 0.3825x (boys) and y = 7.607 + 0.3661x (girls) correlated with VFA-CT in both boys and girls. The corrected VFA-aBIA in patients with NAFLD was higher than that in those without NAFLD. Serum leptin and adiponectin levels were positively and negatively correlated with corrected VFA-aBIA, respectively. In conclusion, corrected VFA-aBIA was clearly correlated with VFA-CT and was related to NAFLD and serum leptin and adiponectin levels in school-aged Japanese children.

新型コロナウィルス感染症は，未知の病気であるがゆえに様々な社会の脆弱性をあぶりだした。感染症，ウィルス，ワクチンについての科学的知見（エビデンス）は専門家の間でも異なるが，政府の対策に都合のよい情報が流布され，人々をワクチン接種に駆り立てている。医療・教育関係者や心理職は個人の意思とは無関係にワクチン接種を求められる。ワクチン接種を含むコロナ対策をめぐって，人々はマスコミ，うわさ，身近な事例などによって賛成論・反対論・中立の立場をとると思われるが，それらの間に対立や反目（極端な場合は差別）さえ生じている。また，長引く流行により，人々の働き方や対話，児童・生徒・学生の学びのスタイルが変わり，人間関係やメンタルヘルスにも様々な問題が生じている。このシンポジウムでは，いかに情報の偏りによって「コロナ禍」が作り出されてきたのか，そして「コロナ禍」が人々のメンタルヘルスにどのような影響を与えてきたのかについて話題提供をしていただき，コロナをめぐる諸問題について広く心理関係者の皆さんと一緒に考えてみたい。