West Pharmaceuticals (Germany)

Abstract Atonement is a state practice that comprises an official political apology and the offer of reparation payments to former victims of mass atrocities, war crimes, and human rights abuses. Despite being considered the moral and right thing to do, atonement has occurred only once at the state level: between West Germany and Israel in 1952. Whereas existing explanations view the West German pathway after the Holocaust as either an ethical choice or a domestic policy induced by U.S. pressure, atonement can also be a political decision. Politicians may give official apologies and pay reparations because such practices promise tangible political benefits. An investigation of the West German–Israeli case and a comparison with two non-atoning perpetrators of World War II, Austria and Japan, illustrate the plausibility of these claims. Atonement emerged as a bilateral strategy between West Germany and Israel because it represented a politically expedient option for both countries. This finding offers insights into when politicians may pursue atonement in other cases and points to a potential avenue toward long-term international stability and durable peace.

The pathogenic mechanisms in mycoplasma infections are not fully understood. Several mechanisms may contribute to the recovery of animals from mycoplasma infections and resistance to reinfections. A feature of mycoplasma infections in the lungs and other sites is the associated mononuclear cell reaction. The infiltrating cells belong mainly to the lymphocyte and macrophage series. In bronchiolar exudates of mice infected with M.pulmonis 1,2 and hamsters infected with M.pneumoniae, macrophages are common. Serum antibodies transferred from mice recovering from pneumonia to recipient mice provides some protection against the development of pneumonia in these animals following inoculation of M.pulmonis 3. According to the well-known view of Mackaness4, immunity to infectious bacteria has two components.

The chemotactic serum peptide preparations CAT 1.6.1. and C5adesArg induced marked directional locomotion over a wide concentration range without significant effects on random locomotion and adhesion of human neutrophils in Gey's solution containing 2% HSA. In contrast, f-Met-Leu-Phe produced marked negative chemokinetic effects and its capacity to induce directional locomotion was more limited with respect to magnitude and concentration range. The negative chemokinetic effect of f-Met-Leu-Phe correlated closely with increased spreading and cell adhesion.

There are two aspects of the menopause which researchers have studied — the somatic or biological and the environmental, which is either organic or cultural. This cultural imposition is important, as it influences two areas of menopause research which have traditionally been investigated by physicians and social and behavioural scientists — the age at which this phenomenon occurs and the types and severity of symptoms which are ascribed to this event. To understand and treat a menopausal woman without understanding the cultural Gestalt which has influenced her all the years of her life up to this time, is to ignore what may be the most important determinants of how a woman responds to the menopause both physically and behaviourally. As Levine and Dougherty have noted, ‘Only when the whole woman is considered in her day to day living can the old combination of mental, physical and social systems that appear at menopause be understood’ (Levine and Dougherty, 1952).