Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology

Nebraska Ornithologists' Union Occasional Paper Number 9 This publication is an attempt to provide a synopsis of the breeding information accumulated in the past two centuries. As with any compilation like this, other workers would likely come to different conclusions in choosing which records to accept and which to reject. I have tried to state the reasons for my decisions as clearly as possible. Most difficult to categorize are species which are not well documented. Hopefully by laying out the evidence I could find, others will be prompted to do more research, uncover definitive proof, and put more of our questionable reports to rest. Of necessity, this synopsis is incomplete, since there are undoubtedly publications, records, and museum specimens which I have been unable to access, and others of which I am unaware.

Local environmental and ecological conditions are commonly expected to result in local adaptation, although there are few examples of variation in phenotypic selection across continent-wide spatial scales. We collected standardized data on selection with respect to the highly variable plumage coloration of pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleucaPall.) males from 17 populations across the species' breeding range. The observed selection on multiple male coloration traits via the annual number of fledged young was generally relatively weak. The main aim of the present study, however, was to examine whether the current directional selection estimates are associated with distance to the sympatric area with the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollisTemminck), a sister species with which the pied flycatcher is showing character displacement. This pattern was expected because plumage traits in male pied flycatchers are changing with the distance to these areas of sympatry. However, we did not find such a pattern in current selection on coloration. There were no associations between current directional selection on ornamentation and latitude or longitude either. Interestingly, current selection on coloration traits was not associated with the observed mean plumage traits of the populations. Thus, there do not appear to be geographical gradients in current directional fecundity selection on male plumage ornamentation. The results of the present study do not support the idea that constant patterns in directional fecundity selection would play a major role in the maintenance of coloration among populations in this species. By contrast, the tendency for relatively weak mosaic-like variation in selection among populations could reflect just a snapshot of temporally variable, potentially environment-dependent, selection, as suggested by other studies in this system. Such fine-grained variable selection coupled with gene flow could maintain extensive phenotypic variation across populations.(c) 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 114, 808-827.

The Large-footed Finch (Pezopetes capitalis) is a neotropical species whose natural history is poorly documented. It has a restricted range, breeding only in the dense undergrowth of forest clearings and borders at middle to upper elevations in the highlands of Costa Rica and northwestern Panama (Carriker 1910, Skutch 1967, Wolf 1976, Wetmore et al. 1984). There are only two published descriptions of the nest and eggs (Carriker 1910, Stiles and Skutch 1989) and no published accounts of nest-building behavior. We here present observations by Klein and Schulenberg of nest-building behavior on Cerro de la Muerte, Costa Rica, and provide additional descriptions of the nests and eggs of this species.

lU.S. Fish and Wildlife Se~ice, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland 20708, zU.S. Forest Sewice, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, ASU Campus, Tempe, Arizona 85287, 3Western Foundation of Ve~ebrate Zoology, 1100 Glendon Ave., Los Angeles, California 90024, 4Biology Depa~ment, Southern Connecticut State University, 501 Crescent Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06515, SUniversity of California, Institute of Marine Sciences, Santa Cruz, California 95064, and SNational Wildlife Research Centre, Canadian Wildlife Service, Depa~ment of the Environment, O~awa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0E7

A method using eggshell membranes to determine egg content levels of DDE and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), two of the most ubiquitous environmental contaminants, has been validated. A comparison was made between the residue levels determined from the egg contents of 40 Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs and from hexanesoluble extracts of the dried eggshell membranes. The results confirm the use of museum eggshells for estimations of DDE and PCB levels of the original egg contents. This method should be valid for other lipophilic compounds. The data generated are of use not only to determine the records of past contamination, but may be expected to provide useful information on patterns of contamination encountered in different geographical areas. The membrane extraction technique allows pollutant levels to be measured without removing viable material from endangered species.

IbisVolume 121, Issue 2 p. 200-204 EGGSHELL THINNING AND DDE RESIDUE LEVELS AMONG PEREGRINE FALCONS FALCO PEREGRINUS: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE DAVID B. PEAKALL, DAVID B. PEAKALL Wildlife Toxicology Division, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Canada K1A OE7Search for more papers by this authorLLOYD F. KIFF, LLOYD F. KIFF Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, Los Angeles, California 90024 U. S. A.Search for more papers by this author DAVID B. PEAKALL, DAVID B. PEAKALL Wildlife Toxicology Division, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Canada K1A OE7Search for more papers by this authorLLOYD F. KIFF, LLOYD F. KIFF Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, Los Angeles, California 90024 U. S. A.Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1979 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1979.tb04962.xCitations: 21AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume121, Issue2April 1979Pages 200-204 RelatedInformation

incidence of open wounds, which is remarkably high in hippos because of a comparatively