William Peace University

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a leading non-communicable disease globally, with low- and middle-income countries such as Pakistan bearing a disproportionate burden. Despite strong evidence supporting self-management for glycemic control, patients in resource-limited settings often face multidimensional barriers that compromise adherence and outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to identify and quantify perceived barriers to effective self-management among adults with uncontrolled T2DM in Pakistan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 376 adults with HbA1c >7%, recruited through consecutive sampling from outpatient departments of three public hospitals in Central Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected using a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire assessing five domains of self-management barriers—knowledge/information, physical/functional, psychosocial/cultural, economic/structural, and healthcare system/provider-related. Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed using SPSS version 25. Results: Participants’ mean age was 53.3 years (SD = 9.6); most were male (57%) and rural residents (78%). The most prevalent barriers were economic (68.2%), psychosocial (63.5%), and health-system related (59.4%). Major obstacles included difficulty affording monitoring supplies (77.7%), diabetes-related distress (74.2%), and short consultation times (74.2%). Barriers were more common among low-education and rural participants. Conclusion: Adults with uncontrolled T2DM in Pakistan face intersecting financial, psychosocial, and systemic challenges that hinder self-management. Integrating culturally adapted diabetes self-management education, financial protection for essential supplies, and psychosocial counseling into primary care is essential to improve glycemic outcomes.

Abstract This article reflects on the EU's thought and practice of democracy promotion in its Southern neighbourhood through a critical approach to allyship. This approach centres the demos', or Arab publics', yearnings for emancipation and their aspirations to dignified lives. The article proposes the notion of ‘liminal allyship’, neither taken for granted nor stable, but shaped by inequalities of power and resources within (post)colonial settings such as Tunisia. (Mis)matches between values and practices impact allyship even vis‐à‐vis a shared, declared goal like democratisation. To illustrate the argument empirically, the article will draw on interviews with Tunisian civil society activists and primary data from online and social media. The exploratory case study gauges Tunisian assessments of EU democracy promotion in times of a ‘democratic degeneration’ in Tunisia and of a geopolitical crisis between Europe and the Arab world triggered by the war in Gaza. Findings point to a possible turning point in this relationship of ‘liminal allyship’, which faces scepticism that is unprecedented since Tunisian democratisation took off in 2011.

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of incivility and envy behaviors in the workplace on the job satisfaction of nurses. For this purpose, data were collected from 288 nurses working in a hospital in Erzurum with convenience sampling method. In line with the research model, correlation and multiple regression analysis were performed by means of scales whose validity and reliability were tested. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that workplace incivility and workplace envy had a negative effect on nurses' job satisfaction level.

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the connection between civil war violence and post-war criminal homicides. This paper finds that past civil war violence intensity and presence of armed groups in a community increases the level of criminal homicides three, five, and ten years later. These findings are based on our statistical regression analysis of subnational data from 1,100 municipalities in Colombia drawn from Registro Único de Víctimas, Colombian National Police, Colombian National Administrative Department of Statistics, Colombian National Department of Planning, and Centre for Memory and History.

<p>The report summarizes outcomes of the national fieldwork in Estonia.</p>\n\n<p>This national fieldwork (within Work Package3 of the UniSAFE project) performed by national experts aims to cover national and regional policies on GBV targeting universities, research institutes and RFOs, and policies adopted by RFOs. It is carried out in 30 countries (EU Member States and selected Associated and Third Countries). The countries were selected with a view to including both more and less advanced countries, countries with or without highly developed policies on gender-based violence in place, countries outside Europe that are significant in terms of mobility flows of researchers, and countries outside Europe that are the primary targets of international cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) for the next programme period 2021-2027.</p>

This study reports the international comparison of the relationship between a variety of questions pertaining to happiness and optimism/pessimism. The revised Life Orientation Test scores of 100 Japanese, 45 Dutch, and 100 Costa Ricans were statistically analyzed. The respondents’ happiness level was assessed using five single-item questions regarding present happiness, ideal happiness, present life satisfaction, Cantril’s Ladder of Life Scale, and predicted happiness five years later. The results indicated that the more optimistic the participants were, the happier or more positive they felt about their life, regardless of their nationality. We also found a significant country × pessimism interaction on ideal happiness, such that the ideal happiness of pessimistic Japanese people was lower than that of non-pessimistic Japanese people. Moreover, higher optimism scores predicted higher life satisfaction in Japanese than Dutch or Costa Rican respondents. The results also indicated that optimistic and non-pessimistic Japanese tended to have higher expectations about their future happiness. These findings suggest that the relationship between happiness and optimism/pessimism depends on nationality and the type of question regarding happiness.

This study assessed students’ attitudes towards fraternity and sorority intake processes at a regional Mid-Atlantic University (MU) to gain an understanding of overall attitudes and discern whether students distinguish differences between hazing and initiation procedures. Study results indicated that students understand the general purpose of initiation and the dangers of hazing; however, a general understanding may not translate to an understanding of the specifics activities involved in new member initiation processes. Study results specified differences in understanding initiation and hazing are greatest by gender and fraternity/ sorority council. Implications for higher education research and student affairs practice are discussed.

This article builds on theories about the expressive function of law and uses Structural Topic Modelling to examine how the prioritisation of civil and political rights (CPR) issues by the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) has affected the agendas of Cambodian human rights NGOs with an international profile. It asks whether these NGOs’ focus on CPR issues can be traced back to the near-exclusive focus on CPR issues by the court, and whether this has implications for the creation of a “thick” kind of human rights accountability. It argues that, considering the nature of the Khmer Rouge's genocidal policy, it would have been within the mandate and capacity of the court to pay more attention to actions that also constituted violations of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR). The fact that the court did not do this and instead almost completely obscured ESCR rhetorically has triggered a similar blind spot for ESCR issues on the part of human rights NGOs, which could have otherwise played an important role in creating a culture of accountability around this category of human rights. Does this mean that violators of ESCR are more likely to escape prosecution going forward?