World Water Watch

This article provides a psychoanalytic–materialist critique of liberal democracy. It argues that the failures of liberalism are structurally necessary, founded in property, ideology and affect. Liberalism survives through the ritualisation of deferral, where disappointment generates loyalty as dissatisfaction is domesticated through civic repetition. Deploying Freud's death drive, psychoanalysis is presented as a diagnostic tool for tracing how institutions structure desire through failed performance. This libidinal economy, consolidated by ideological apparatuses of reproduction and possessive individualism, secures subjects in stable attachments through its management of disappointment. Participation is rearticulated as attachment to process rather than outcome; melancholia operates as modality of governance. Against reformist and agonistic theories, the article contends that liberalism is beyond reform and that the challenge to respond to its crisis must work outside its grammar. It calls for an unbinding of political desire from the apparatuses that displace and defuse failure into fidelity.

To ensure flight safety in multi-drone environments, the Drone Deconfliction System applies predictive algorithms, logic based guidance, and live 3D visualization to proactively manage airspace conflicts. Missions are loaded from structured CSV files, processed into smooth flight paths, and analyzed for proximity and timing violations at each simulation step. The system supports large-scale operations through distributed computing and GPU acceleration, providing actionable recommendations and robust conflict reporting. This modular platform offers a scalable foundation for autonomous drone traffic management and future AI-driven enhancement.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that is characterized by pruritus, erythema, and eczematous lesions, and pruritus is often regarded as the most burdensome symptom that affects quality of life. Current therapies, including corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, are limited by their adverse effects, thus highlighting the need for safer alternatives. Corchorus olitorius extract (CE), a polyphenol- and flavonoid-rich leafy vegetable, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. However, its potential as an anti-hypersensitivity agent has not been systematically evaluated. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammation and anti-hypersensitivity properties of CE using RAW 264.7 macrophages, HaCaT keratinocytes, and human mast cell-1, as well as NC/Nga mice with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced AD-like lesions. CE exhibited no cytotoxicity and significantly suppressed nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine production. Furthermore, CE inhibited the degranulation of mast cells by reducing histamine and β-hexosaminidase release, thereby demonstrating anti-hypersensitivity activity. The oral administration of CE attenuated the scratching behavior and improved skin severity scores in NC/Nga mice, with effects at the highest dose comparable to that of dexamethasone. Collectively, these findings provide the first comprehensive evidence that CE alleviates AD-like symptoms by regulating inflammatory mediators and hypersensitivity responses, thus supporting its potential as a safe oral therapeutic or functional food candidate for AD.

Land disputes in Indonesia continue to pose significant challenges due to structural judicial inconsistencies, overlapping statutory and customary claims, and institutional weaknesses, generating legal uncertainty that undermines equitable land governance and social stability. This study critically examines doctrinal divergences between the Kediri District Court and East Java High Court decisions. It develops policy recommendations to harmonize procedural and substantive justice, including the potential integration of customary law into formal dispute resolution mechanisms. Using a qualitative doctrinal legal research design with descriptive-analytical methods, the study analyzes primary and secondary legal materials through documentary and content analysis, supported by comparative and interpretative approaches to contextualize judicial divergence within Indonesia's broader legal and social framework. The findings reveal a fundamental judicial divergence: the lower court emphasized substantive legal certainty based on prior rulings. In contrast, the appellate court prioritized procedural rigor under the Partij Akta principle, resulting in inconsistent outcomes despite identical factual circumstances. This contrast illustrates the structural tension between legal certainty and procedural fairness, highlighting systemic challenges in Indonesia’s civil law system. The study concludes that resolving land disputes requires an integrated approach combining judicial specialization, harmonized evidentiary standards, and coordinated institutional mechanisms to achieve predictable, equitable, and socially responsive governance. Academically, it offers a conceptual framework for understanding judicial divergence. At the same time, practically, it provides concrete recommendations, including specialized land courts, strengthened mediation pathways, and improved coordination between judicial and land administration bodies. Limitations include the focus on a limited number of cases and the doctrinal emphasis, which does not empirically track reform implementation. Future research should assess the effectiveness of proposed reforms, examine comparative cases in pluralistic legal systems, and explore long-term impacts on investment, social stability, and equitable land governance.

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship component of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), has increasingly been targeted by disinformation and fake news campaigns. This study critically examines how such narratives function as propaganda tools, strategically influencing public perception and policy debates across cultural, economic, and political dimensions. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research analyses documented instances of viral fake news, corroborated by fact-checking sources and media reports. Applying agenda-setting, framing, soft power, and information disorder theories, the paper uncovers how false narratives, ranging from the so-called ‘debt trap’ to cultural and sovereignty concerns, are deliberately constructed to erode confidence in CPEC. Findings indicate that while these narratives lack empirical validity, their widespread dissemination poses tangible risks to Pakistan’s internal cohesion, foreign investment climate, and bilateral relations with China. The study concludes by proposing multi-layered counter-strategies including fact-checking mechanisms, media literacy programmes, enhanced transparency, and the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools to mitigate disinformation threats. By offering a comprehensive perspective, this research contributes to a better understanding of the geopolitical information warfare surrounding CPEC. JEL Classification Codes: D83, F51, F52, L82, O53 Submitted: July 16, 2025Last Revised: September 10, 2025Accepted: October 22, 2025 Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflict of interest.Funding Acknowledgment: There is no funding received for this paper.

Background: Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a water-soluble micronutrient essential for DNA synthesis, erythropoiesis, and one-carbon metabolism. Deficiency disrupts these processes, leading to clinical consequences such as megaloblastic anemia, elevated homocysteine levels, and, critically, neural tube defects (NTDs) in developing fetuses. Despite public health measures like food fortification, deficiency remains a significant global health concern, particularly in vulnerable populations. Aim: This review aims to provide an integrated, multidisciplinary perspective on folic acid deficiency, synthesizing its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management strategies from nursing, nutritional, and medical viewpoints to guide comprehensive patient care and public health initiatives. Methods: The approach is a comprehensive literature review and clinical synthesis. It details the diagnostic evaluation, including clinical assessment, complete blood count analysis, and biochemical testing (serum/red blood cell folate, homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid levels). Management strategies, from oral and parenteral supplementation to dietary modification and public health fortification, are examined. Results: Folic acid deficiency has a multifactorial etiology, including inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption syndromes, medications, and increased physiological demand. Diagnosis is confirmed through characteristic macrocytic anemia and low folate levels. Treatment with oral folic acid (1-5 mg/day) is highly effective, leading to hematological recovery within weeks. Public health fortification programs have successfully reduced the prevalence of deficiency and NTDs in many countries. Conclusion: A collaborative, interprofessional approach is fundamental to the effective prevention, diagnosis, and management of folic acid deficiency. Integrating medical treatment, nursing care, nutritional counseling, and public health strategies is essential to mitigate its hematological, neurological, and developmental consequences.

This study examines the weakening role and existence of the Upu Hena Customary Institution in Tanah Amahai, Central Maluku Regency. Traditionally, customary institutions played a central role in establishing norms, resolving conflicts, and maintaining social harmony. However, modernization and shifts in community mindsets have reduced the legitimacy of customary law as a mechanism of social control. Issues such as juvenile delinquency, fights, and violations of customary norms reflect this decline, while communities increasingly prefer to resolve disputes through state authorities. The research aims to deconstruct the function of social control and the presence of Upu Hena in sustaining community harmony. Using a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach, the study analyzes data through three theoretical frameworks: Derrida’s social deconstruction, Parsons’ structural functionalism, and Berger & Luckmann’s social construction. Findings reveal that adat represents a realm of meaning continuously reinterpreted to remain relevant to changing times. Beyond preserving traditions, the institution enforces sanctions, strengthens solidarity, and transmits cultural values through deliberation and practice, ensuring its role as both a mechanism of social control and a guardian of collective identity.

Background: Cracked tooth syndrome (CTS) is a prevalent, diagnostically challenging condition with heterogeneous symptoms and variable progression that can compromise pulpal and periodontal health. Aim: To synthesize contemporary clinical guidance on CTS encompassing diagnosis, nursing care, and laboratory considerations to inform patient-centered, team-based management. Methods: Narrative integration of clinical history/physical examination features, adjunctive diagnostic tools (magnification, fibreoptic transillumination, bite tests, vitality testing, radiography/CBCT), etiologic and epidemiologic determinants, treatment pathways from conservative stabilization to endodontic therapy or extraction, and interprofessional roles. Results: Early, structured evaluation improves localization and staging of cracks and enables timely stabilization. Direct bonded restorations and provisional external splinting relieve symptoms and reduce flexure; definitive cuspal coverage redistributes occlusal forces. Pulpal involvement or root extension worsens prognosis and may necessitate endodontic treatment with guarded long-term survival or extraction. Nurses augment outcomes through triage, education, and adherence support; laboratories optimize material selection, digital design, and splinting biomechanics. Conclusion: CTS outcomes improve when clinicians pair rigorous diagnostics with staged biomechanical control and clear expectation-setting, supported by coordinated nursing and laboratory contributions. Early detection remains the pivotal determinant of tooth preservation.