WorleyParsons (Brazil)

Education 4.0 is the framework to facilitate the development of skills and competencies of engineering students required for Industry 4.0 through the integration of Industry 4.0 applied concepts, networked approach, digitalization of higher education institutions (HEI), and online advancement of teaching and learning practices. In the chemical engineering curriculum of several HEIs, considerable progress in implementing this framework has been made by including computer-aided design tools, updating manufacturing technologies, using simulation and analysis of virtual models, and implementing data analytics in engineering courses and programs. Process and plant design courses such as Plant Design demand that undergraduate students leverage knowledge from core courses completed during first three years of their degree program by developing a plant's conceptual design. This course clearly sets a pathway to integrate Education 4.0 to Industry 4.0. All stakeholders of this course (students, teaching team, and clients) can progressively identify challenges and opportunities to optimize this integration. Many suggested improvements might require a vertical integration of new concepts in the chemical engineering curriculum, involving courses of different levels throughout the undergraduate curriculum. Nevertheless, we consider that immediate actions shall be taken by teaching teams and industry partners in courses such as Plant Design for students achieving the required competencies and skills before graduating from universities. For instance, running a successful multi-disciplinary engineering team for plant design in the industry will require undergraduate students to become familiar with codes, standards, and regulations. According to our industry partners, this lack of familiarization significantly affects the learning curve of junior engineers at work and shows a disconnection between what is learned at university and what is required in the workplace. To facilitate the transition of our students into the process design industry in the framework of Education 4.0-Industry 4.0, in this work, we describe and present the results of applying a strategy to tackle this challenge by (i) identifying the currently applicable codes, standards, and regulations in the process engineering industry for each technical deliverable (process flow diagram, piping and instrumentation diagram, line list, plot plan, design of equipment, risk management, and safety documents) of the course; (ii) designing and delivering workshops to describe and illustrate their applicability; and (iii) creating a written set of guidelines applicable to the course and the workplace.

Abstract This paper describes the proposed re-development of the Galapagos Field, comprising the abandoned NW Hutton field and the Darwin discovery (Block 211/27 UKCS) which forms a southerly extension. The paper covers the initial concept and analytical evaluation, the static uncertainty model build, the dynamic model history-match, the iterations between static and dynamic modelling, the development subsea and well locations, the optimisation workflow of the advanced Flow Control Valve (FCV) completions in both producers and injectors and the facilities constraints. The redevelopment plan involved several multi-disciplinary teams. 20 years of production data from 52 wells were analysed to identify the production behaviour and confirm the significant target that provided the basis for the development concept selection. The full Brent sequence compartmentalised stochastic static model was based on reprocessed seismic plus 14 exploration and appraisal wells. Streamlines, uncertainty sensitivities and mostly good detective work honed a history match to RFT, BHP, PLT and oil and water production. P50, P90/P10 models were selected and over 100 FCVs optimised to deliver the profiles against an identified FSPO facilities’ constraints. Over 1,000 static models were delivered consisting of sheet sands, incised valleys and channels in heterolithic facies overprinted by a depth trend with appropriate uncertainty ranges. The high well count gave a tight STOIIP probabilistic range of 790/883/937 million stb. The early RFTs illustrated extreme differential depletion between Brent zones and subzones of the Ness. To history-match these the dynamic model retained the static model definition in the Upper Ness to capture the thin but extensive shales. The early 18-month depletion and the late steady production-injection phases were simulated separately in prediction mode and matched the Production Analysis estimated ‘future’ production giving confidence to the history matched model. The initial concept development of 4 subsea-centres, to cover the large field area, with an injector in each compartment proved a robust selection. The horizontal wells increase PI where needed and mitigate internal faulting. The optimisation of the FCVs significantly increased oil production from all zones and drastically reduced water injection and production so that the identified FPSO modifications were relatively modest. The final First Stage Field Development Plan consists of 11 producers and 6 injectors across developed and undeveloped areas confirmed robust P50 reserves of 84 million boe. Robust concept selection allowed for early identification of production units so that constraints and modifications could be accounted for within the economic model. The Galapagos field re-development plan is an excellent example of how detailed static and fully history matched dynamic models can lay the foundations for new technology like the optimisation of the FCVs to access bypassed reserves using significantly smaller production units with reduced requirements for power, compression, gas lift, pumping pressure, injection and production. In short, they shrank the facilities.

Abstract This paper presents an innovative design for a disconnectable dry tree semisubmersible floater for use in harsh environments and which could be exposed to the threat of iceberg impact. The use of dry tree Top Tensioned Risers (TTRs) in well completion has its advantage in allowing direct vertical access to production wells, which enables the use of dry-trees, drilling programs, and well work-over when required. Semisubmersible floaters offer significant execution and operational advantages over other types of floaters such as the quayside integration, and high flexibility on the payload and topsides area requirements. However, with the existing qualified tensioner technology, conventional semisubmersibles do not offer motion response suitable for dry tree applications. The free hanging solid ballast semi (FHSB Semi) is an enhanced semisubmersible design that maintains the advantages of the semisubmersibles while offering a very low motion response suitable for dry tree applications. The design and characteristics of the FHSB Semi is widely published elsewhere. In an area where floating platforms are exposed to icebergs and harsh environment, it is essential to design a system where the floater can be disconnected from the moorings and top-tensioned risers and be moved away from the iceberg's path. After the event the system should be designed to reconnect moorings and risers with minimal disruption to production and reasonable restriction on the reconnection environment. In this study, the FHSB Semi design has been further developed to enable disconnect/reconnect of the TTR and mooring systems. Detailed description of the disconnectable TTR and mooring systems is presented in this paper. A case study is also presented to illustrate the performance and the disconnection/reconnection of a FHSB Semi located offshore Newfoundland in a harsh environment area subject to icebergs.

The global development of unconventional gas resources is progressing at a remarkable pace, owing to technology advancements, supportive regulatory environments, and expectations of favourable long-term market conditions. In Australia, the sheer scale of the resource potential, the increase in political and public will towards CO2 emissions reduction, and an immediate desire for greater local economic production suggests that exploration and production activity is likely to accelerate in the coming years. The unconventional gas sector, however, has been affected by negative publicity, with attention drawn to the potential environmental impacts and public burden associated with development practices—especially hydraulic fracturing. Stakeholder concerns regarding the significant water requirements, emissions footprint, and infrastructure impacts across the development lifecycle represent significant challenges. This extended abstract focuses on the use of structured decision-making approaches used in the appraisal phase of unconventional gas developments in the US to identify and manage the technical and especially non-technical risks that impact a development’s cost, schedule, and profitability across its lifecycle. An unconventional gas development from the US is presented, where a framework for integrating commercial, public, and environmental concerns from corporate and external stakeholders into field concept development and selection has been successfully applied. The development, which faces resource and regulatory challenges related to water management, air emissions, and local infrastructure impacts, employed fit-for-purpose decision-making tools that quantified non-technical development risks to inform the evaluation and selection of concepts that best met economic, corporate, and stakeholder expectations.

VariableZ0, a new concept in antenna design and optimization, is applied to two optimization problems: a multi-stub matching network (MSMN) using biogeography-based optimization (BBO), and an ultra wideband meander monopole antenna (MMA) using central force optimization (CFO). BBO is a newly-proposed stochastic global search and optimization evolutionary algorithm (EA) used to determine MSMN stub lengths and locations for optimum (minimum) reflection coefficient. CFO is a deterministic EA used to optimize the MMA's impedance bandwidth (IBW) while maintaining good average gain without considering the radiation pattern in detail. Two cases are investigated for both problems: (a) fixed characteristic impedanceZ0, and (b) variable characteristic impedance. In the first case,Z0is a fixed user-specified parameter (the traditional methodology), whereas in the second, it is a true variable quantity whose value is determined by the optimization methodology, which is a new technology. VariableZ0is a fundamentally different design approach in optimization problems. BBO's fixedZ0results for MSMN are compared to published data computed using Nelder–Mead optimization with BBO exhibiting better performance. BBO's results are improved even more using VariableZ0technology. A similar performance improvement is seen for VariableZ0applied to the CFO-optimized MMA.

Soft Skills - A two-part discussion of how ethics and integrity matter in the workplace. For many engineers, it helps to discuss ethical dilemmas with their colleagues and seek guidance for the appropriate application of a code of ethics. Many professional and technical societies have ethical guidelines for their members. SPE’s Guide for Professional Conduct for SPE members includes a Preamble, The Fundamental Principle, and 12 Canons of Professional Conduct. The canons (see next page) detail the expectations of SPE professionals in the areas of competency, societal and work consequences, honesty in presenting information, ethics, conflicts of interest, nonbiased actions, personal responsibility, impact on public health and safety, environmental impact, multidisciplinary work, and observation of the law. Registration as a professional will often have an ethics component to the testing for licensure (that is, the granting of a license which gives permission to practice) and an annual requirement for continuing education in ethics.

ERT suffers from a number of handicaps that would seem to make it poorly suited, in general, to archaeological applications. These limitations include poor compatibility with producing map view data, the time consuming nature of resistivity surveys due to the need to place electrodes in the earth, the limited ability of geoelectric inversions to produce images with meaningful detail, and the challenge of sending current and measuring voltages through dry sand or slabs of stone. However, the complex nature of the vertical stratigraphy of most archaeological sites in Israel, the great thickness of most archaeological mounds, and the often confusing signatures of some of the more commonly used archaeogeophysical techniques often combine to leave ERT as the only technique of value on many sites. Furthermore, many archaeological studies are moving away from simply artifact hunting, and putting greater effort into understanding the broader setting of a site, including the geometry of such features as harbors, infilled channels, moats, and the original ground elevation preceding habitation. This paper will introduce some of the challenges of geophysical mapping techniques in the Israel, discuss the benefits of ERT, and provide a large number of examples. Case studies will include exploring for the hypocaust of an ancient bathhouse, imaging the bedrock surface of perhaps the oldest harbor in the world, discovering a Byzantine city in an unsuspected location, exploring for a Roman Victory Arch, and exploring for the water source that could have provided for the estimated 40,000 refugees who wandered across the Sinai desert as described in the book Exodus.

The management of brine, generated from the desalination of CSG produced water, is a key challenge for the CSG industry. In many cases, the cost and technical challenges relating to the management of brine has a greater impact on the economic and technical feasibility of desalinating CSG produced water than the desalination plant itself. The challenge is to determine the best solution for brine management, given the high salinity of the brine and limited options available for acceptable disposal. This has driven the need for more sustainable options, including using salt recovery processes to recover the salts for beneficial use. Where suitable strata can be identified, brine injection may be considered as a low life-cycle cost solution for brine disposal. CSG brine is particularly high in alkalinity, and as such, brine management options, including acid mine waste neutralisation and recovery of salts (sodium chloride [NaCl] and sodium carbonate [Na2CO3]) are possible. The latter uses selective salt crystallisation, which is generally higher in capital and operating costs, but is offset by the revenue gained from the sale of salt(s). Other brine management options include solar evaporation ponds or zero liquid discharge technology to produce a mixed salt residue that can be disposed through onsite encapsulation or landfill. The feasibility and life-cycle cost of any brine management option depends primarily on the location of CSG sites and the availability of brine management disposal/sale opportunities in reasonable proximity—this is one of the greatest challenges for managing brackish CSG produced water sources, particularly as the CSG sites are in remote inland locations. Further challenges associated with the management of salts recovered include establishing a viable commercial route for the market sale of the salts. This peer-reviewed paper explores technical considerations, challenges and the life-cycle cost of the brine management options. The emerging trends for desalination and brine management in the CSG Industry will also be featured in this paper.

Abstract The extreme conditions and harsh environment for which FPSO's andhydrocarbon gathering facilities are being considered introduces distinctchallenges to effective and efficient project management and execution. The presentation is based on the experiences gathered during the design phasesof two contemporary harsh environment FPSO's and the associated subsea, flowline, pipeline and riser systems (Chevron Rosebank and GAZPROMShtokman). This presentation will focus on the adjustments that must beconsidered to " standard" project execution and management in order toincorporate the elemental distinctions without sacrificing efficiency, logicalsequencing, safety or project schedule. Specifically, the presentationwill focus on the following:Incorporation of severe environment conditions into element design and theassociated effects on project execution planning and sequencing,Recognizing operational adjustments and the influence on design sequenceand basis,Incorporation of weatherization techniques and the effects on layout anddesign sequence, safety (hazards and benefit opportunities),Understanding the distinctive impacts to interface definition and designmanagement, and,Understanding the impacts of narrow weather windows with regard toinstallation, operation and maintenance on design, execution and contractingstrategies. The paper is intended to inform the audience as to the distinctivecharacteristics of harsh environment design management contrasted with the morefamiliar benign environment design projects.