Yaroslavl State Technical University

The article presents the first comprehensive mathematical model of a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed in domestic practice, designed as an architecturally complete cyber-physical agent for digital simulation of attack scenarios against civilian infrastructure and their countermeasures using man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS). The model integrates four key aspects of UAV behavior: flight dynamics (physical layer), sensor perception and tactical situation assessment (cognitive layer), offensive payload, and multispectral observability – including radar, acoustic, visual, radiofrequency, and infrared signatures. For the first time within a unified framework, the model incorporates: 1) the ability to define arbitrary observer and radar positions with dynamic line-of-sight (LoS) visibility calculations; 2) AI-based implementations of sensor perception and tactical evaluation functions; 3) a closed-loop digital twin architecture with feedback from air-defense systems and dynamic environment model updates. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the proposed original cyber-physical agent architecture, formalized as a state evolution operator that accounts for UAV interactions with complex urban environments–including buildings, electromagnetic interference, GNSS spoofing tactics, and multispectral detection channels. The model enables the generation of realistic UAV trajectories and signature profiles and is intended for use in airspace digital twins, simulation-based training systems, and quantitative assessment tools for air-defense effectiveness.

The tetracarboxylic acids containing a cycloaliphatic fragment are promising monomers for semi-aromatic polymers of a series of polyimides, polyesters, and polyetherimides. An alternative method has been developed for their synthesis. The method demonstrates the possibility of performing alkylation and acylation reactions in sequence. The choice of the combination of methods for the oxidation of the acyl and methyl groups has been confirmed by quantum chemical calculations.

The article examines the investment multiplier in the regional economy and its role as a driver of economic development. The analysis focuses on the regions of the Central Federal District (CFD) of Russia over the long-term period from 2000 to 2023. Theoretical foundations of the investment multiplier are discussed, and an econometric analysis is conducted to identify the relationship between fixed capital investment and gross regional product (GRP), taking into account a time lag. The investment multiplier in the Central Federal District is, on average, quite high, reflecting the strong interconnectedness of regional economies and the significant secondary effect of investments through employment, incomes, and inter-industry linkages. The nearly 2.5-fold variation among regions indicates that the «quality» of investments differs substantially. This gap confirms the existence of structural heterogeneity within the Central Federal District and points to the need for a differentiated investment policy: in industrial centers, the focus should be on supporting technological innovations; in agrarian ones – on developing processing, logistics, and infrastructure to enhance the multiplier effect. Overall, the study’s results confirm the basic hypothesis that the investment multiplier plays a significant role in regional development; however, the magnitude of this multiplier is not a universal constant – it reflects the economic reality of a specific region.

Introduction . The paper considers methods for determining the specific surface area of porous stone materials formed during milling of asphalt concrete pavements with road cutters. The specific surface area is a key parameter affecting the adhesive properties, compactness and durability of secondary asphalt concrete mixtures. Materials and methods . The paper presents a method for determining the specific surface area of nonporous stone materials. The method is based on three-dimensional scanning followed by the construction of a point cloud. The resulting polygonal models of individual particles are used to calculate the area and volume. Results . As a result, the values of the surface area and volume of particles of stone material have been obtained. The stone material was previously partitioned into fractions according to the particle size by sieving it through sieves with variable cross-section sizes. In addition, a method for determining the specific surface area of non-porous stone materials has been proposed, which allows for increased accuracy. Discussion and conclusion . The method for determining the specific surface area of non-porous stone materials described in this paper can be used not only in the road and construction industries, but also in the metallurgical, chemical, and mining industries. The key result of the work is that the method can be used to determine, for example, the bitumen content or consumption of bitumen emulsion in the preparation of asphalt and cement mixtures during recycling. Additionally, the method provides assessment of the energy expended both during the milling and the grinding of other solid materials.

The study examines changes in the hydrographic characteristics of the city of Uglich from 1985 to 2024. Analysis of satellite imagery using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) revealed a reduction in the area of water bodies, including the coastal zones of the Volga River. It was found that the key factors driving these changes are anthropogenic impacts such as urbanization, coastal zone landscaping, and pollution, as well as natural processes such as shoreline erosion and alterations in hydrological cycles. Measures to establish buffer zones are proposed to minimize the negative impact of urban infrastructure on hydrography. The findings emphasize the need to implement sustainable environmental solutions to preserve and restore water bodies in small towns.

The reactions of tribenzo[b,e,g][1,4]dioxocine-7,8-dicarbonitrile and 4,11-dimethyl-2,13-bis(4-methylphenyl)tribenzo[b,e,g][1,4]dioxocine-7,8-dicarbonitrile with sodium methoxide in methanol, followed by treatment with aqueous HCl, gave 11H-dibenzo[5,6:7,8][1,4]dioxocino[2,3-f]isoindole-11,13(12H)-dione and 1,8-dimethyl-3,6-bis(4-methylphenyl)-11H-dibenzo[5,6:7,8][1,4]dioxocino[2,3-f]isoindole-11,13(12H)-dione, respectively. Their condensation with 2-methylquinoline and subsequent treatment with boron trifluoride–diethyl ether complex in the presence of triethylamine afforded 12-(difluoroboranyl)-13-(quinolin-2-ylmethylidene)-12,13-dihydro-11H-dibenzo[5,6:7,8][1,4]dioxocino[2,3-f]isoindol-11-one and 12-(difluoro­boranyl)-1,8-dimethyl-3,6-bis(4-methylphenyl)-13-(quinolin-2-ylmethylidene)-12,13-dihydro-11H-diben­zo­[5,6:7,8][1,4]dioxocino[2,3-f]isoindol-11-one, respectively. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by elemental analyses and IR, NMR, and mass spectra. The complexes displayed high luminescence quantum yields (up to 0.65) while small Stokes shifts (up to 15 nm). Bands in the electronic absorption spectra of the complexes were assigned to particular electronic transitions on the basis of DFT and TDDFT calculations.

The risk of the environmental degradation is one of the unexpected consequences of the interregional integration. The lifting of barriers to the flow of goods, services, and economic resources in the integration area causes the intensification of economic growth. In accordance with the model of Kuznets' ecological curve, it causes the environmental degradation. The purpose of the study is to identify the long-term impact of spillover effects of integration on the environment of the 5 EAEU countries The construction of the Durbin Spatial Model (SDM) allowed us to establish the negative impact of the economic growth on the ecological footprint in the EAEU countries and their living standards. However, the spillover effect for the neighbouring countries is practically insignificant. On the contrary, it has a positive impact on the ecological footprint in the EAEU countries. Indeed, the spillover effect for neighbouring countries is significant. Moreover, the research provides the recommendations for reducing the environmental damage in terms of a reasonable consumerism.

В статье рассматривается управление энергопотреблением как неотъемлемый компонент жизненного цикла объектов капитального строительства. Анализируются ключевые понятия «энергосбережение» и «энергоэффективность» в качестве методологической основы для принятия управленческих решений на всех этапах: от обоснования инвестиций и проектирования до эксплуатации, модернизации и утилизации объекта. Проанализированы правовые и нормативные основы, определяющие требования к энергетическим характеристикам зданий и сооружений. Обоснована необходимость комплексного подхода к управлению, который интегрирует технологические (включая информационное моделирование), организационные и экономические инструменты для достижения целевых показателей энергоэффективности. Предлагается рассматривать энергоэффективность как один из ключевых критериев при оценке эффективности решений в рамках управления жизненным циклом строительных объектов, что требует внедрения современных систем мониторинга и финансового стимулирования.

The paper considers the application of new immersive technologies - from architectural design, information visualisation to the creation of immersive interiors and exteriors of buildings. The author applies a number of conceptual developments, prototypes and experiments in the field of immersive architecture both in virtual space and in reality, and at the boundaries of these environments. The developments include the creation of a virtual model of a building in augmented reality, online interior design, visualisation of architectural objects (from a region to a flat), creation of a museum exposition focused on demonstrating the historical appearance of buildings and territories. When creating an exhibition exposition, the focus is on the presentation of the region using the development of a ‘virtual portal’. Immersive technologies have great prospects for development, which will lead to a significant change in the architectural image as a whole.