Zheng yan Seed (China)

Abstract High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) contribute to dough elasticity and bread baking quality in wheat. In this study, wheat varieties were classified based on their HMW-GS composition into three groups: 1Dx5 (5 + 10, Gaoyou 8901, Xinmai 28, Xinmai 19, Xinmai 26 and Jinbaoyin), 1Dx2 (2 + 12, Zhoumai 24, Xinmai 9 and Yumai) and 1Dx4 (4 + 12, Aikang 58). Sequence analysis showed that 1Dx-GY8901, 1Dx-XM28, 1Dx-XM19 and 1Dx-XM26 were similar to the 1Dx5 gene and clustered on the same branch, while 1Dx-AK58, 1Dx-ZM24, 1Dx-JBY, 1Dx-YM, 1Dx-XM9 and 1Dx-JBY were more similar to the 1Dx2 gene and clustered on the same branch with 1Dx.2.2. There was a mutation of Ser to Cys at position S2, for an extra Cys in the repeat regions of 1Dx-XM19, 1Dx-XM26, 1Dx-XM28 and 1Dx-GY8901. The wheat HMW-GS genes exhibited similar percentages of α-helix, extended strand, β-turn and random coil structure, with ranges of 13.33–13.59, 4.77–5.78, 7.08–9.18 and 72.3–73.94%, respectively. Sequence conservation and the composition of HMW-GS subunits were also analysed for a series of strong gluten wheat varieties, Xinmai 9 (1, 7 + 8, 2 + 12), Xinmai 19 (1, 7 + 9, 5 + 10), Xinmai 26 (1, 7 + 8, 5 + 10) and Xinmai 28 (1, 7 + 9, 5 + 10). The results of this work should facilitate future breeding efforts and provide the theoretical basis for wheat quality improvement.

SummaryInterspecific genomic variation can provide a genetic basis for local adaptation and domestication. A series of studies have presented its role of interspecific haplotypes and introgressions in adaptive traits, but few studies have addressed their role in improving agronomic character. Two allotetraploid Gossypium species, Gossypium barbadense (Gb) and G. hirsutum (Gh) originating from the Americas, are cultivated independently. Here, through sequencing and the comparison of one GWAS panel in 229 Gb accessions and two GWAS panels in 491 Gh accessions, we found that most associated loci or functional haplotypes for agronomic traits were highly divergent, representing the strong divergent improvement between Gb and Gh. Using a comprehensive interspecific haplotype map, we revealed that six interspecific introgressions from Gh to Gb were significantly associated with the phenotypic performance of Gb, which could explain 5%–40% of phenotypic variation in yield and fibre qualities. In addition, three introgressions overlapped with six associated loci in Gb, indicating that these introgression regions were under further selection and stabilized during improvement. A single interspecific introgression often possessed yield‐increasing potential but decreased fibre qualities, or the opposite, making it difficult to simultaneously improve yield and fibre qualities. Our study not only has proved the importance of interspecific functional haplotypes or introgressions in the divergent improvement of Gb and Gh, but also supports their potential value in further human‐mediated hybridization or precision breeding.

Urbanization has resulted in the extensive land cover changes. It is helpful to find out and investigate the discipline of the land cover changes. The study will provide a useful support for the decision making of the regional development. Based on remote sensing images in 2000 and 2007, using RS and GIS, the change of the city from 2000 to 2007 have been analyzed and the model of cellular automata based on the artificial neural network was adopted to simulate the city expansion in this paper in Zhengzhou. In the study the factors of speedway, railroad and the city outer highway were involved. The relation of the road and the changes was analyzed. Apparently the two elements were correlative. Considered the transit-oriented land use development, the road influence factor was strengthened from point to area, according to the fact of Zhengzhou the width of the road buffer was decided as 5 km, 10 km, and 15 km. The buffer maps and the map of the land use in 2000 were transformed into grid, then the sample points were obtained in the GIS and based on the MATLAB, the samples were trained. By the adjustment of the network structure, the precision of the training was reached. After this, all the grid maps were input to the trained model to simulate the map in 2007 and in 2014. The simulated map in 2007 was compared to the factual. The comparison indicated the precision of involving the road constrict is higher than that without condition; the city space would breakthrough the limit of the outer ring and sprawl all around. But the rural resident land would develop rapidly to the southeast and the northwest.

Studies in Oklahoma and Arkansas have been made along the Ti Valley fault in the frontal Ouachita fault zone in Oklahoma, and the Boktukola fault in the Ouachita core zone in Oklahoma and Arkansas, and the Penitentiary and Carbon faults in the Arkoma basin, Oklahoma. These studies have been used to map the location of surface traces and orientations of fault zones. Residual anomalies are characterized as 150 m to 1,500 meter wavelength lows with amplitudes approximately 0.4 to 1.6 mGa1. From modeling, the gravity low along the fault zone is related to a low density zone from 50 to 700 m wide. Dips range from 90' along the Penitentiary-Carbon to 85' along the Ti Valley to 85' to 90' alone the Boktukola faults. Well logs in the-Arkoma basin display low density zones along many of the faults comparable in thickness to the low density zones at the surface. The geologic causes of these low density zones are not well known, but probably are related to fault gouge, brecciation or alteration, or a combination. This phenomenon has been used to map surface traces of faults to answer structural mapping questions. Such fault mapping could have a direct exploration application if faults are directly related to hydrocarbon accumulations. Some faults have these physical properties and others do not. The reasons for this may also have interesting implications with relation to fault dynamics and subsurface structural correlations.